描述
Manganese, also known as mn2+ or mn(ii), is a member of the class of compounds known as homogeneous transition metal compounds. Homogeneous transition metal compounds are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a transition metal atom. Manganese can be found in a number of food items such as oregon yampah, coconut, cauliflower, and red beetroot, which makes manganese a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Manganese can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. Manganese exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, manganese is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include arginine and proline metabolism, histidine metabolism, urea cycle, and triosephosphate isomerase. Manganese is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include lactic acidemia, arginine: glycine amidinotransferase deficiency (AGAT deficiency), primary hyperoxaluria II, PH2, and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiency. Moreover, manganese is found to be associated with alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and parkinson's disease. Manganese is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. In biology, manganese(II) ions function as cofactors for a large variety of enzymes with many functions. Manganese enzymes are particularly essential in detoxification of superoxide free radicals in organisms that must deal with elemental oxygen. Manganese also functions in the oxygen-evolving complex of photosynthetic plants. While the element is a required trace mineral for all known living organisms, it also acts as a neurotoxin in larger amounts. Especially through inhalation, it can cause manganism, a condition in mammals leading to neurological damage that is sometimes irreversible . Indicated for use as a supplement to intravenous solutions given for Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN). Administration helps to maintain plasma levels and to prevent depletion of endogenous stores and subsequent deficiency symptoms (DrugBank). Manganese mainly affects the nervous system and may cause behavioral changes and other nervous system effects, which include movements that may become slow and clumsy. This combination of symptoms when sufficiently severe is referred to as “manganism” (L228) (T3DB).