Cyanide
描述
The cyanide ion consists of a carbon triple bonded to a nitrogen. It readily reacts with hydrogen to form hydrogen cyanide gas, which has a faint almond-like smell. Most people can smell hydrogen cyanide; however, due to an apparent genetic trait, some individuals cannot. Cyanide gas (HCN) can be generated via combustion, including the exhaust of internal combustion engines, tobacco smoke, and especially some plastics derived from acrylonitrile (because of the latter effect, house fires can result in poisonings of the inhabitants). Cyanides are also produced by certain bacteria, fungi, and algae and are found in a number of foods and plants. Small amounts of cyanide can be found in apple seeds, mangoes and bitter almonds. Hydrocyanic acid (a solution of hydrogen cyanide in water) is present in freshly distilled bitter almond oil (2-4%) prior to its removal by precipitation as calcium ferrocyanide to give food quality oil. Hydrogen cyanide and most cyanide salts readily dissolve in water (or other biofluids) and exists in solution as the cyanide ion. Cyanide ions bind to the iron atom of the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (also known as aa3) in the fourth complex in the mitochondrial membrane in the mitochondria of cells. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted, meaning that the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Because of its respiratory chain toxicity cyanide has been used as a poison many times throughout history. Its most infamous application was the use of hydrogen cyanide by the Nazi regime in Germany for mass murder in some gas chambers during the Holocaust. Hydrogen cyanide (with the historical common name of Prussic acid) is a colorless and highly volatile liquid that boils slightly above room temperature at 26 °C (78.8 °F). Hydrogen cyanide is weakly acidic and partly ionizes in solution to give the cyanide anion, CN-. The salts of hydrogen cyanide are known as cyanides. HCN is a highly valuable precursor to many chemical compounds ranging from polymers to pharmaceuticals. Hydrogen cyanide is a linear molecule, with a triple bond between carbon and nitrogen. It is a weak acid with a pKa of 9.2. A minor tautomer of HCN is HNC, hydrogen isocyanide.
类别
"Industrial/Workplace Toxin", "Pollutant", "Airborne Pollutant", "Food Toxin", "Natural Toxin"
同义词
"Carbon nitride ion", "CN(1-)", "Cyanide ion", "Cyanide(1-) ion", "Cyano", "Cyanure", "Isocyanide", "Nitrile ion", "Nitrodicarbonate", "Prussiate"
IUPAC 名称
methylidyneazanidyl
InChI 标识符
InChI=1S/CN/c1-2/q-1
键
InChIKey=XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
大分类
Organic nitrogen compounds
类型
Organonitrogen compounds
另外分类
"Hydrocarbon derivatives", "Organic anions", "Organopnictogen compounds"
取代基
"Aliphatic acyclic compound", "Carbonitrile", "Hydrocarbon derivative", "Organic anion", "Organopnictogen compound"
分子框架
Aliphatic acyclic compounds
地位
Detected and Not Quantified
蜂窝位置
"Cytoplasm", "Extracellular", "Mitochondria"
暴露途径
Oral (L96) ; inhalation (L96) ; dermal (L96)
毒性机制
Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)
代谢
Organic nitriles are converted into cyanide ions through the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver. Cyanide is rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Cyanide is mainly metabolized into thiocyanate by either rhodanese or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase. Cyanide metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L96)
致死剂量
200 to 300 mg for an adult human (cyanide salts). (T36)
致癌性
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
用途/来源
Cyanide compounds are used in electroplating, metallurgy, organic chemicals production, photographic developing, manufacture of plastics, fumigation of ships, and some mining processes. (L96)
健康影响
Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)
症状
Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. (L96, L97)
治疗
Antidotes to cyanide poisoning include hydroxocobalamin and sodium nitrite, which release the cyanide from the cytochrome system, and rhodanase, which is an enzyme occurring naturally in mammals that combines serum cyanide with thiosulfate, producing comparatively harmless thiocyanate. Oxygen therapy can also be administered. (L97)
维基百科链接
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide
创建于
2009-03-06 18:57:57 UTC
更新于
2014-12-24 20:20:55 UTC
目标
| 毒素T3DB ID | 毒素名称 | 目标名称 |
|---|
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Carbonic anhydrase 4 |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Carbonic anhydrase 2 |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Carbonic anhydrase 1 |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Glutathione peroxidase 7 |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8C, mitochondrial |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B2, mitochondrial |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2, mitochondrial |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B2 |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Extracellular superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Probable glutathione peroxidase 8 |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Putative cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A3, mitochondrial |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Alkaline phosphatase, placental-like |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Tyrosinase |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Glutathione peroxidase 6 |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Epididymal secretory glutathione peroxidase |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase, mitochondrial |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Glutathione peroxidase 3 |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Glutathione peroxidase 2 |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Glutathione peroxidase 1 |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Catalase |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8A, mitochondrial |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7C, mitochondrial |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B, mitochondrial |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2, mitochondrial |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A1, mitochondrial |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1 |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A2, mitochondrial |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A1, mitochondrial |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B, mitochondrial |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, mitochondrial |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 |
| T3D0028 |
Cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 |