Arsenic
描述
Arsenic(As) is a ubiquitous metalloid found in several forms in food and the environment, such as the soil, air and water. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. The predominant form is inorganic arsenic in drinking water, which is both highly toxic and carcinogenic and rapidly bioavailable. Arsenic is currently one of the most important environmental global contaminants and toxicants, particularly in the developing countries. For decades, very large populations have been and are currently still exposed to inorganic Arsenic through geogenically contaminated drinking water. An increased incidence of disease mediated by this toxicant is the consequence of long-term exposure. In human's chronic ingestion of inorganic arsenic (> 500 mg/L As) has been associated with cardiovascular, nervous, hepatic and renal diseases and diabetes mellitus as well as cancer of the skin, bladder, lung, liver and prostate. Contrary to the earlier view that methylated compounds are innocuous, the methylated metabolites are now recognized to be both toxic and carcinogenic, possibly due to genotoxicity, inhibition of antioxidative enzyme functions, or other mechanisms. Arsenic inhibits indirectly sulfhydryl containing enzymes and interferes with cellular metabolism. Effects involve such phenomena as cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and inhibition of enzymes with antioxidant function. These are all related to nutritional factors directly or indirectly. Nutritional studies both in experimental and epidemiological studies provide convincing evidence that nutritional intervention, including chemoprevention, offers a pragmatic approach to mitigate the health effects of arsenic exposure, particularly cancer, in the relatively resource-poor developing countries. Nutritional intervention, especially with micronutrients, many of which are antioxidants and share the same pathway with Arsenic , appears a host defence against the health effects of arsenic contamination in developing countries and should be embraced as it is pragmatic and inexpensive. (A7664, A7665).
类别
"Cigarette Toxin", "Pesticide", "Household Toxin", "Pollutant", "Airborne Pollutant", "Food Toxin", "Natural Toxin"
同义词
"Arsenic ion", "Arsenic(3+)", "Arsenic(3+) ion", "Arsenic(III)", "Arsenic(III) cation", "As", "As(3+)", "As3+"
InChI 标识符
InChI=1S/As/q+3
键
InChIKey=LULLIKNODDLMDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
化合物类型
Inorganic compounds
大分类
Homogeneous metal compounds
类型
Homogeneous metalloid compounds
直接大类
Homogeneous metalloid compounds
取代基
"Homogeneous metalloid"
外部描述符
"monoatomic arsenic"
地位
Detected and Not Quantified
蜂窝位置
"Cytoplasm", "Extracellular"
熔点/沸点/溶解度
> 615°C/614 °C /
暴露途径
Oral (L2); inhalation (L2); dermal (L2)
毒性机制
Arsenic and its metabolites disrupt ATP production through several mechanisms. At the level of the citric acid cycle, arsenic inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase and by competing with phosphate it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, thus inhibiting energy-linked reduction of NAD+, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP synthesis. Hydrogen peroxide production is also increased, which might form reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Arsenic's carcinogenicity is influenced by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. The binding of other arsenic protein targets may also cause altered DNA repair enzyme activity, altered DNA methylation patterns and cell proliferation. (T1, A17)
代谢
Arsenic is absorbed mainly by inhalation or ingestion, as to a lesser extent, dermal exposure. It is then distributed throughout the body, where it is reduced into arsenite if necessary, then methylated into monomethylarsenic (MMA) and dimethylarsenic acid (DMA) by arsenite methyltransferase. Arsenic and its metabolites are primarily excreted in the urine. Arsenic is known to induce the metal-binding protein metallothionein, which decreases the toxic effects of arsenic and other metals by binding them and making them biologically inactive, as well as acting as an antioxidant. (L20)
毒性值
LD50: 763 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T14)
LD50: 13.4 ug/kg (Intraperitoneal, Rat) (T14)
致死剂量
130 mg for an adult human. (T15)
致癌性
1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)
用途/来源
Arsenic is used in pesticides, wood preservatives, paints/pigments, and various metal alloys (electronics). Small amounts of arensic can be found in contaminated air, water, and some meat products, especially seafood. (L2)
最低风险等级
Acute Oral: 0.005 mg/kg/day (L134)
Chronic Oral: 0.0003 mg/kg/day (L134)
Chronic Inhalation: 0.01 mg/m3 (L134)
The World Health Organization asserts that a level of 0.01 mg/L in drinking water poses a risk of 1/1600 chance of lifetime skin cancer risk.
健康影响
Arsenic poisoning can lead to death from multi-system organ failure, probably from necrotic cell death, not apoptosis. Arsenic is also a known carcinogen, especially in skin, liver, bladder and lung cancers. (T1, L20) Arsenic poisoning is has also been associated with heart disease, (hypertension related cardiovascular), stroke (cerebrovascular diseases), chronic lower respiratory diseases and diabetes. Chronic exposure to arsenic can lead to a vitamin A deficiency which is related to heart disease and night blindness.
症状
Exposure to lower levels of arsenic can cause nausea and vomiting, decreased production of red and white blood cells, abnormal heart rhythm, damage to blood vessels, and a sensation of “pins and needles” in hands and feet. Breathing high levels of inorganic arsenic can give you a sore throat or irritated lungs. Arsenic also affects the brain, causing neurological disturbances such as headaches, confusion, and drowsiness. (A1)
治疗
Arsenic poisoning can be treated by chelation therapy, using chelating agents such as dimercaprol, EDTA or DMSA. Charcoal tablets may also be used for less severe cases. In addition, maintaining a diet high in sulfur helps eliminate arsenic from the body. (L20)
维基百科链接
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic
创建于
2009-03-06 18:57:53 UTC
更新于
2014-12-24 20:20:50 UTC
目标
| 毒素T3DB ID | 毒素名称 | 目标名称 |
|---|
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Pyruvate kinase PKM |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Metallothionein-1A |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Actin, cytoplasmic 2 |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Actin, cytoplasmic 1 |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Pyruvate dehydrogenase protein X component, mitochondrial |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, mitochondrial |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, somatic form, mitochondrial |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrial |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Tubulin beta-8 chain |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Tubulin beta-6 chain |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Tubulin beta-4A chain |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Tubulin beta-3 chain |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Tubulin beta-4B chain |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Tubulin beta-2B chain |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Tubulin beta-2A chain |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Tubulin beta-1 chain |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Tubulin alpha-8 chain |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Tubulin alpha-4A chain |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Tubulin alpha-3E chain |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Tubulin alpha-3C/D chain |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Tubulin alpha-1C chain |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Tubulin alpha-1B chain |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Tubulin alpha-1A chain |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
DNA repair protein complementing XP-A cells |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Thioredoxin reductase 3 |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Thioredoxin reductase 2, mitochondrial |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Putative tubulin-like protein alpha-4B |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Putative tubulin beta-4q chain |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Putative tubulin beta chain-like protein ENSP00000290377 |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Tubulin beta-8 chain-like protein LOC260334 |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Tubulin alpha chain-like 3 |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Actin, gamma-enteric smooth muscle |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Actin, aortic smooth muscle |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Actin, alpha skeletal muscle |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Actin, alpha cardiac muscle 1 |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Tubulin beta chain |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Glucocorticoid receptor |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Estrogen receptor alpha |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Haptoglobin |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Hemoglobin subunit alpha |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Hemoglobin subunit beta |
| T3D0001 |
Arsenic |
Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, testis-specific form, mitochondrial |