Uranium-235
描述
Uranium-235 is an isotope of uranium. Uranium is a chemical element that has the symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a normal part of rocks, soil, air, and water, and occurs in nature in the form of minerals. Natural uranium is a mixture of three radioactive isotopes called uranium-234, uranium-235, and uranium-238. Uranium-235 is used as a fuel for nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Uranium is also used as a colorant in uranium glass, producing orange-red to lemon yellow hues. (L248, L249)
类别
"Industrial/Workplace Toxin", "Pollutant", "Airborne Pollutant", "Natural Toxin"
同义词
"235U", "Uranium, isotope of mass 235"
InChI 标识符
InChI=1S/U/i1-3
键
InChIKey=JFALSRSLKYAFGM-OIOBTWANSA-N
化合物类型
Inorganic compounds
大分类
Homogeneous metal compounds
类型
Homogeneous actinide compounds
直接大类
Homogeneous actinide compounds
取代基
"Homogeneous actinide"
地位
Detected and Not Quantified
蜂窝位置
"Cytoplasm", "Extracellular"
外貌
Silver metallic solid.
暴露途径
Oral (L249) ; inhalation (L249) ; dermal (L249) ; radiation (L249)
毒性机制
Uranium is combined with either bicarbonate or a plasma protein in the blood but once in the kidney, it is released and forms complexes with phosphate ligands and proteins in the tubular wall, causing damage. Uranium may also inhibit both sodium transport-dependent and independent ATP utilization and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the renal proximal tubule. Uranium causes respiratory diseases by damaging alveolar epithelium type II cells in the lungs. Uranium induces c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) activation, which in turn induces tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion and generates and inflammatory response in the lungs. Studies have shown that the more soluble the uranium salt, the more toxic it is. Ionizing radiation produced by uranium damages the DNA, resulting in gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations. This can both both initiate and promote carcinogenesis, and interfere with reproduction and development. (L249, A160)
代谢
Uranium is absorbed in low amounts via oral, inhalation, and dermal routes. Uranium in body fluids generally exists as the uranyl ion (UO2)2+ complexed with anions, such as citrate and bicarbonate, or plasma proteins. Uranium preferentially distributes to bone, liver, and kidney. The large majority of uranium that enters the body is not absorbed and is eliminated from the body via the urine and faeces. (L248)
致癌性
1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)
用途/来源
Uranium-235 is used as a fuel for nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Uranium is also used as a colorant in uranium glass, producing orange-red to lemon yellow hues. (L248, L249)
最低风险等级
Intermediate Inhalation: 0.0004 mg/m3 (Soluble uranium salts) (L134)
Chronic Inhalation: 0.0003 mg/m3 (Soluble uranium salts) (L134)
Intermediate Oral: 0.002 mg/kg/day (Soluble uranium salts) (L134)
Intermediate Inhalation: 0.008 mg/m3 (Insoluble uranium compounds) (L134)
健康影响
Uranium primarily damages the kidney, but may also damage the lungs, central nervous system, and immune system. Uranium's radioactivity is believed to damage the DNA, resulting in carcinogenic effects and reproductive and developmental damage. (L248, L249)
症状
Ingestion of uranium may cause vomiting and diarrhea. Exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation results in acute radiation syndrome, which can cause skin burns, hair loss, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, disorientation, low blood pressure, headache, fatigue, weakness, fever, birth defects, illness, infection, and death. (L1837, L1852, L248)
治疗
Treatment reversing the effects of irradiation is currently not possible. Anaesthetics and antiemetics are administered to counter the symptoms of exposure, as well as antibiotics for countering secondary infections due to the resulting immune system deficiency. (L1852)
创建于
2009-03-06 18:58:05 UTC
更新于
2014-12-24 20:21:07 UTC