Benzene
描述
Benzene is a toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. Chronic benzene exposure produces hematotoxicity, bone marrow dysplasia (Displasia is a pre-neoplastic or pre-cancerous change). (A7669). It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide.
类别
"Cigarette Toxin", "Pesticide", "Household Toxin", "Industrial/Workplace Toxin", "Pollutant", "Airborne Pollutant", "Food Toxin", "Natural Toxin"
同义词
"Annulene", "Aromatic alkane", "Benzeen", "Benzen", "Benzin", "Benzine", "Benzinum", "Benzol", "Benzol 90", "Benzole", "Benzolene", "Benzolo", "Benzolum", "Bicarburet of hydrogen", "BNZ", "Carbon oil", "Coal naphtha", "Cyclohexatriene", "Fenzen", "Mineral naphtha", "Motor benzol", "Phene", "Phenyl hydride", "Polystream", "Pyrobenzol", "Pyrobenzole", "RNG"
InChI 标识符
InChI=1S/C6H6/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1/h1-6H
键
InChIKey=UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
类型
Benzene and substituted derivatives
直接大类
Benzene and substituted derivatives
另外分类
"Aromatic hydrocarbons", "Unsaturated hydrocarbons"
取代基
"Aromatic homomonocyclic compound", "Aromatic hydrocarbon", "Hydrocarbon", "Monocyclic benzene moiety", "Unsaturated hydrocarbon"
分子框架
Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
外部描述符
"an aromatic compound", "aromatic annulene", "benzenes"
地位
Detected and Not Quantified
蜂窝位置
"Cytoplasm", "Extracellular"
组织位置
"Bone Marrow", "Liver", "Lymphocyte", "Skin"
熔点/沸点/溶解度
5.5°C/80.1 °C/1.79 mg/mL at 25°C [MAY,WE et al. (1983)]
毒性机制
The toxic agents of benzene are its metabolites. Benzene is able increase its toxicity by inducing cytochrome P450 2E1, its main metabolic enzyme. Benzene's primary toxic effects are decreases in haematological cell counts and bone marrow cellularity. The decrease in blood cell count may be due to the binding of metabolites such as benzene oxide to the blood proteins albumin and haemoglobin. In the bone marrow, phenolic metabolites can be metabolized by bone marrow peroxidases to highly reactive semiquinone radicals and quinones that stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This and direct metabolite binding leads to damage to tubulin, histone proteins, and topoisomerase II. Some metabolites also exert mutagenic effects by inhibiting other DNA associated proteins, such as mitochondrial DNA polymerase and ribonucleotide reductase, as well as covalently binding to DNA itself, causing effects such as strand breakage, mitotic recombination, chromosome translocations, and aneuploidy. (L5)
代谢
Benzene is absorbed readily following inhalation or oral exposure. It enters the bloodstream and is rapidly distributed throughout the body, tending to accumulate in fatty tissues. Benzene is exhaled unchanged by the lungs, as well as metabolized in the liver to benzene oxide by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Benzene oxide is further converted into phenol, catechol, and hydroquinone, which are excreted in the urine as glucuronide or sulfate conjugates. (T7)
毒性值
LD50: 3306 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T14)
LD50 340 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (T14)
LC50: 9980 ppm (Inhalation, Mouse) (T14)
致死剂量
50-500 mg/kg (oral) or 20 000 ppm (inhaled) for an adult human. (L138)
致癌性
1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)
用途/来源
Benzene is often used as an intermediate to make chemicals needed for the production of plastics, resins, and nylon and other synthetic fibers. It is also used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, and pesticides. Natural sources of benzene include emissions from volcanoes, forest fires, crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette smoke. (L5)
最低风险等级
Acute Inhalation: 0.009 ppm (L134)
Intermediate Inhalation: 0.006 ppm (L134)
Chronic Inhalation: 0.003 ppm (L134)
Chronic Oral: 0.0005 mg/kg/day (L134)
健康影响
Benzene causes harmful effects on the bone marrow and also decreases blood cell counts, leading to blood disorders such as anemia. It can also cause excessive bleeding and affect the immune system, increasing the chance for infection. Benzene is also a known carcinogen, as chronic exposure to high levels has been shown to cause leukemia, particularly acute myelogenous leukemia. (L5)
症状
Breathing benzene can cause drowsiness, dizziness, rapid heart rate, headaches, tremors, confusion, and unconsciousness. Ingestion can result in vomiting, irritation of the stomach, dizziness, sleepiness, convulsions, and rapid heart rate. (L5)
治疗
There is no known antidote for benzene and poisoning is first treated by preventing further exposure. If inhaled, respiratory assist may be necessary. If ingested, gastric lavage may be performed, or activated charcoal can be administered. (T8)
维基百科链接
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/benzene
创建于
2009-03-06 18:57:54 UTC
更新于
2014-12-24 20:20:50 UTC