Hydrogen fluoride
描述
HF can refer to both hydrogen fluoride (gas) and hydrofluoric acid. Hydrofluoric acid is a solution of hydrogen fluoride (HF) in water. It is a precursor to almost all fluorine compounds, including pharmaceuticals such as fluoxetine (Prozac), surface coatings such as PTFE (Teflon), and elemental fluorine itself. Hydrofluoric acid is classified as a weak acid because of its lower dissociation constant compared to the strong acids. Hydrofluoric acid is produced by treatment of the mineral fluorite (CaF2) with concentrated sulfuric acid. When combined at 265 °C, these two substances react to produce hydrogen fluoride and calcium sulfate. HF is used in oil refining, the production of organofluorines, fluorides and glass etching. Hydrofluoric acid is also used for dissolving rock samples (usually powdered) prior to analysis.
类别
"Household Toxin", "Industrial/Workplace Toxin", "Pollutant", "Airborne Pollutant", "Synthetic Toxin"
同义词
"Fluorane", "Fluorhydric acid", "Fluoric acid", "Fluoridohydrogen", "Hydrofluoride"
IUPAC 名称
hydrogen fluoride
InChI 标识符
InChI=1S/FH/h1H
键
InChIKey=KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
化合物类型
Inorganic compounds
大分类
Homogeneous non-metal compounds
另外分类
"Inorganic hydrides"
取代基
"Halogen hydride", "Inorganic hydride"
外部描述符
"hydrogen halide", "mononuclear parent hydride"
地位
Detected and Not Quantified
蜂窝位置
"Cytoplasm", "Extracellular"
熔点/沸点/溶解度
-83.36°C//0.922 mg/mL at 0 °C [DEAN,JA (1985)]
暴露途径
Oral (A116) ; inhalation (A116) ; dermal (A116)
毒性机制
In addition to being a highly corrosive liquid, hydrofluoric acid is also a contact poison. As with most acids HF can cause tissue burns through the denaturation of proteins and partial hydrolysis of proteins. Most proteins denature at pH values of less than 3-4. The large-scale denaturation of proteins, de-esterification of lipids and subsequent desiccation of tissues leads to chemical burns. Owing to its low acid dissociation constant, HF as a neutral lipid-soluble molecule penetrates tissue more rapidly than typical mineral acids. Because of the ability of hydrofluoric acid to penetrate tissue, poisoning can occur readily through exposure of skin or eyes, or when inhaled or swallowed. HF also interferes with nerve function, meaning that burns may not initially be painful. In the body, hydrofluoric acid reacts with the ubiquitous biologically important ions Ca2+ and Mg2+. Formation of insoluble calcium fluoride is proposed as the etiology for both precipitous fall in serum calcium and the severe pain associated with tissue toxicity. In some cases, exposures can lead to hypocalcemia. Inorganic fluoride inhibits adenylate cyclase activity required for antidiuretic hormone effect on the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney. Fluoride also stimulates intrarenal vasodilation, leading to increased medullary blood flow, which interferes with the counter current mechanism in the kidney required for concentration of urine.
代谢
Fluoride ions are incorporated into bone by substituting for hydroxyl groups in the carbonate-apatite structure to produce hydroxyfluorapatite, thus altering the mineral structure of the bone. Alteration in mineralization increases hardness and bone mass, but also decreases mechanical strength. A portion of the circulating inorganic fluoride acts as an enzyme inhibitor because it forms metalfluoride-phosphate complexes that interfere with the activity of those enzymes requiring a metal ion cofactor. In addition, fluoride may interact directly with the enzyme or the substrate. It is a general inhibitor of the energy production system of the cell. Fluorine may bind calcium and decrease its concentration. This is thought to indirectly inhibit amelogeninase activity, resulting in altered crystal growth and subsequently causing dental fluorosis. (L963)
毒性值
LC50: 500 ppm over 1 hours (Inhalation, Mouse) (T50)
致死剂量
50 to 250 ppm over 5 minutes (Inhalation) or 1.5 grams (Oral) for an adult human. (T37, A289)
致癌性
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
用途/来源
Hydrofluoric acid is used mainly for etching glass. It is also used in oil refining and as a precursor to other fluoride compounds. (L963)
健康影响
Hydrogen fluoride is extremely corrosive. It may penetrate the skin and weaken the bones, as well as interfere with nerve function and react with blood calcium, causing cardiac arrest. (L968)
症状
Hydrogen fluoride is very irritating to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. (L963)
治疗
Hydrofluoric acid exposure is often treated with calcium gluconate, a source of Ca2+ that sequesters the fluoride ions. HF chemical burns can be treated with a water wash and 2.5% calcium gluconate gel or special rinsing solutions. However, because it is absorbed, medical treatment is necessary; rinsing off is usually not enough. Intra-arterial infusions of calcium chloride have also shown great effectiveness in treating burns.
维基百科链接
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen fluoride
创建于
2009-03-06 18:58:22 UTC
更新于
2014-12-24 20:21:24 UTC