Pyrethrum
描述
A pyrethroid is a synthetic chemical compound similar to the natural chemical pyrethrins produced by the flowers of pyrethrums (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and C. coccineum). Pyrethroids are common in commercial products such as household insecticides and insect repellents. In the concentrations used in such products, they are generally harmless to human beings but can harm sensitive individuals. They are usually broken apart by sunlight and the atmosphere in one or two days, and do not significantly affect groundwater quality except for being toxic to fish. (L811)
类别
"Pesticide", "Household Toxin", "Synthetic Toxin"
同义词
"(+)-pyrethronyl (+)-pyrethrate", "Buhach", "Chrysanthemum cinerareaefolium", "Chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester pyrethrolone ester", "Cinerin II", "Dalmatian insect powder", "Firmotox", "Jasmolin II", "Prentox pyrethrum extract", "Pyrenone", "Pyrethrin", "Pyrethrin I", "Pyrethrin II", "Pyrethrins", "Pyrethroids", "Pyrethrolone ester OF chrsanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester", "Pyretrin II", "Pyrocide", "Pyronyl"
IUPAC 名称
2-methyl-4-oxo-3-(penta-2,4-dien-1-yl)cyclopent-2-en-1-yl 3-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate
简化分子线性输入规范
COC(=O)C(C)=CC1C(C(=O)OC2CC(=O)C(CC=CC=C)=C2C)C1(C)C
InChI 标识符
InChI=1S/C22H28O5/c1-7-8-9-10-15-14(3)18(12-17(15)23)27-21(25)19-16(22(19,4)5)11-13(2)20(24)26-6/h7-9,11,16,18-19H,1,10,12H2,2-6H3/b9-8+,13-11+
键
InChIKey=VJFUPGQZSXIULQ-VKTMSVCMSA-N
大分类
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
另外分类
"Carbocyclic fatty acids", "Cyclic ketones", "Cyclopropanecarboxylic acids and derivatives", "Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives", "Enoate esters", "Hydrocarbon derivatives", "Methyl esters", "Monocyclic monoterpenoids", "Organic oxides"
取代基
"Aliphatic homomonocyclic compound", "Alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester", "Carbocyclic fatty acid", "Carbonyl group", "Carboxylic acid derivative", "Carboxylic acid ester", "Cyclic ketone", "Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid or derivatives", "Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives", "Enoate ester", "Hydrocarbon derivative", "Ketone", "Methyl ester", "Monocyclic monoterpenoid", "Monoterpenoid", "Organic oxide", "Organic oxygen compound", "Organooxygen compound", "Pyrethrin-backbone"
分子框架
Aliphatic homomonocyclic compounds
地位
Detected and Not Quantified
暴露途径
Oral (L857) ; inhalation (L857) ; dermal (L857)
毒性机制
Both type I and type II pyrethroids exert their effect by prolonging the open phase of the sodium channel gates when a nerve cell is excited. They appear to bind to the membrane lipid phase in the immediate vicinity of the sodium channel, thus modifying the channel kinetics. This blocks the closing of the sodium gates in the nerves, and thus prolongs the return of the membrane potential to its resting state. The repetitive (sensory, motor) neuronal discharge and a prolonged negative after potential produce effects quite similar to those produced by DDT, leading to hyperactivity of the nervous system which can result in paralysis and/or death. Other mechanisms of action of pyrethroids include antagonism of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibition, modulation of nicotinic cholinergic transmission, enhancement of noradrenaline release, and actions on calcium ions. They also inhibit calcium channels and Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase. (T10, T18, L857)
代谢
Following ingestion, pyrethriods are hydrolysed by various digestive enzymes in the gastro-intestinal tract. However, a small portion of the insecticidally active compounds or its derivatives are absorbed, as shown by their toxicity and their effect on the liver. Pyrethriods may also be absorbed following inhalation or dermal contact. They are rapidly distributed to most tissues, particularly to those with a high lipid content, and are concentrated in central and peripheral nervous tissues. Pyrethriods or their metabolites are not known to be stored in the body or to be excreted in the milk, but no study of the matter has employed modern methods. The major metabolic pathways for pyrethriods are hydrolysis of the central ester bond, oxidative attacks at several sites, and conjugation reactions, to produce a complex array of primary and secondary water-soluble metabolites that undergo urinary excretion. Metabolism is believed to involve nonspecific microsomal carboxyesterases and microsomal mixed function oxidases, which are located in nearly all tissue types, with particularly high activities in the liver. Metabolites are excreted in the urine and faeces. (L857, L889)
致癌性
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
用途/来源
Pyrethroids are used as insecticides. (L857)
健康影响
Pyrethroid effects typically include rapid onset of aggressive behavior and increased sensitivity to external stimuli, followed by fine tremor, prostration with coarse whole body tremor, elevated body temperature, coma, and death. Paresthesia, severe corneal damage, hypotension and tachycardia, associated with anaphylaxis, can also occur following pyrethriod poisoning. (L857)
症状
Spilling on the head, face and eyes can result in pain, lacrimation, photophobia, congestion, and edema of the conjunctiva and eyelids. Ingestion causes epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, anorexia, fatigue, tightness in chest, blurred vision, paresthesia, palpitations, coarse muscular fasciculations, and disturbances of conciousness. In severe poisonings, convulsive attacks with opisthotonos and loss of conciousness have occurred. (T10)
治疗
Following oral exposure, the treatment is symptomatic and supportive and includes monitoring for the development of hypersensitivity reactions with respiratory distress. Provide adequate airway management when needed. Gastric decontamination is usually not required unless the pyrethrin product is combined with a hydrocarbon. Following inhalation exposure, move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. In case of eye exposure, irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a health care facility. If the contamination occurs through dermal exposure, remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists. Vitamin E topical application is highly effective in relieving parenthesis. (T36)
维基百科链接
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrethrum
创建于
2009-03-06 18:58:20 UTC
更新于
2014-12-24 20:21:23 UTC