Arsenate
描述
The arsenate ion is AsO43−. An arsenate (compound) is any compound that contains this ion.The arsenic atom in arsenate has a valency of 5 and is also known as pentavalent arsenic or As[V].Arsenate resembles phosphate in many respects, since arsenic and phosphorus occur in the same group (column) of the periodic table. In acidic conditions arsenate exists as arsenic acid, H3AsO4;in weakly acid conditions it exists as dihydrogen arsenate ion, H2AsO4−; in weakly basic conditions it exists as hydrogen arsenate ion HAsO42−; and finally, in basic conditions, it exists as the arsenate ion AsO43−. Arsenate can replace inorganic phosphate in the step of glycolysis that produces 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, yielding 1-arseno-3-phosphoglycerate instead. This molecule is unstable and quickly hydrolyzes, forming the next intermediate in the pathway, 3-phosphoglycerate. Therefore glycolysis proceeds, but the ATP molecule that would be generated from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is lost - arsenate is an uncoupler of glycolysis, explaining its toxicity.[1]. Some species of bacteria obtain their energy by oxidizing various fuels while reducing arsenates to form arsenites. The enzymes involved are known as arsenate reductases. In 2008, bacteria were discovered that employ a version of photosynthesis with arsenites as electron donors, producing arsenates (just like ordinary photosynthesis uses water as electron donor, producing molecular oxygen). The researchers conjectured that historically these photosynthesizing organisms produced the arsenates that allowed the arsenate-reducing bacteria to thrive. (Wikipedia). Arsenic acid is the chemical compound with the formula H3AsO4. More descriptively written as AsO(OH)3, this colorless acid is the arsenic analogue of phosphoric acid. Arsenate and phosphate salts behave very similarly. Arsenic acid as such has not been isolated, but only found in solution where it is largely ionized. Its hemihydrate form (H3AsO4_а__H2O) does form stable crystals. Crystalline samples dehydrate with condensation at 100 C.
类别
"Pesticide", "Industrial/Workplace Toxin", "Pollutant", "Airborne Pollutant", "Food Toxin", "Natural Toxin"
同义词
"Arsenate ion", "Arsenate(3-)", "Arsenic acid", "Arsorate", "ART", "Tetraoxidoarsenate(3-)", "Tetraoxoarsenate(3-)", "Tetraoxoarsenate(V)"
InChI 标识符
InChI=1S/AsH3O4/c2-1(3,4)5/h(H3,2,3,4,5)
键
InChIKey=DJHGAFSJWGLOIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
化合物类型
Inorganic compounds
大分类
Mixed metal/non-metal compounds
类型
Miscellaneous mixed metal/non-metals
子类
Miscellaneous metallic oxoanionic compounds
直接大类
Miscellaneous arsenates
另外分类
"Inorganic arsenic compounds", "Inorganic oxides", "Inorganic salts", "Metalloid salts"
取代基
"Arsenate", "Inorganic arsenic compound", "Inorganic metalloid salt", "Inorganic oxide", "Inorganic salt"
地位
Detected and Not Quantified
蜂窝位置
"Acrosome", "Cell surface", "Cytoplasm", "Cytosol", "Endocytic Vesicle", "Endoplasmic reticulum", "Endosome", "Extracellular", "Microsome", "Mitochondrial Matrix", "Mitochondrial Membrane", "Mitochondrion", "Nuclear Membrane", "Nucleolus", "Peroxisome", "Plasma Membrane", "Ribosome", "Soluble Fraction", "Tubulin"
途径
"Apoptosis", "Cell cycle", "Proteasome", "Nucleotide Excision Repair", "Oxidative phosphorylation", "Arachidonic Acid Metabolism", "Insulin secretion", "Glutathione Metabolism", "Base excision repair", "Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis", "Sulfur metabolism", "Endocytosis", "Dna replication", "Circadian rhythm", "Carbon Metabolism"
熔点/沸点/溶解度
/465°C/590 mg/mL [SHIU,WY et al. (1990)]
暴露途径
Oral (L2) ; inhalation (L2) ; dermal (L2)
毒性机制
Arsenic and its metabolites disrupt ATP production through several mechanisms. At the level of the citric acid cycle, arsenic inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase. By competing with phosphate it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, thus inhibiting energy-linked reduction of NAD+, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP synthesis. Hydrogen peroxide production is also increased, which might form reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Arsenic's carginogenicity is influenced by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. The binding of other arsenic protein targets may also cause altered DNA repair enzyme activity, altered DNA methylation patterns and cell proliferation. (T1, A17)
代谢
Arsenic is mainly absorbed by inhalation or ingestion, and to a lesser extent by dermal exposure. It is then distributed throughout the body, where it is reduced into arsenite, then methylated into monomethylarsenic (MMA) and dimethylarsenic acid (DMA) by arsenite methyltransferase. Arsenic and its metabolites are primarily excreted in the urine. Arsenic is known to induce the metal-binding protein metallothionein, which decreases the toxic effects of arsenic and other metals by binding them and making them biologically inactive, as well as acting as an antioxidant. (L20)
毒性值
LD50: 48 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T14)
LD50: 8 mg/kg (Intravenous, Rabbit) (T52)
LD50 in rabbits is 6 mg/kg (0.006 g/kg).
致死剂量
1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)
致癌性
1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)
用途/来源
Arsenic acid is used as a wood preservative, broad-spectrum biocide, and finishing agent for glass and metal. (L717)
最低风险等级
Acute Oral: 0.005 mg/kg/day (L134)
Chronic Oral: 0.0003 mg/kg/day (L134)
Chronic Inhalation: 0.01 mg/m3 (L134)
健康影响
Arsenic poisoning can lead to death from multi-system organ failure, probably from necrotic cell death and not apoptosis. Arsenic is also a known carcinogen, especially in skin, liver, bladder and lung cancers. (T1, L20)
症状
Exposure to lower levels of arsenic can cause nausea and vomiting, decreased production of red and white blood cells, abnormal heart rhythm, and damage to blood vessels.
治疗
Arsenic poisoning can be treated by chelation therapy, using chelating agents such as dimercaprol, EDTA or DMSA. Charcoal tablets may also be used for less severe cases. In addition, maintaining a diet high in sulfur helps eliminate arsenic from the body. (L20)
维基百科链接
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenate
创建于
2009-03-06 18:58:19 UTC
更新于
2014-12-24 20:21:21 UTC
目标
| 毒素T3DB ID | 毒素名称 | 目标名称 |
|---|
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Tubulin beta-8 chain-like protein LOC260334 |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Tubulin beta-8 chain |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Tubulin beta-6 chain |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Tubulin beta-4A chain |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Tubulin beta-3 chain |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Tubulin beta-4B chain |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Tubulin beta-2B chain |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Tubulin beta-2A chain |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Tubulin beta-1 chain |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Tubulin alpha-8 chain |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Tubulin alpha-4A chain |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Tubulin alpha-3E chain |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Tubulin alpha-3C/D chain |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Tubulin alpha-1C chain |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Tubulin alpha-1B chain |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Tubulin alpha-1A chain |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Tubulin alpha chain-like 3 |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Pyruvate dehydrogenase protein X component, mitochondrial |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Putative tubulin-like protein alpha-4B |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Putative tubulin beta-4q chain |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Putative tubulin beta chain-like protein ENSP00000290377 |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Thioredoxin reductase 3 |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Thioredoxin reductase 2, mitochondrial |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Actin, cytoplasmic 2 |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Actin, cytoplasmic 1 |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Tubulin beta chain |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Glucocorticoid receptor |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Estrogen receptor alpha |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Haptoglobin |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Hemoglobin subunit alpha |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Hemoglobin subunit beta |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, testis-specific form, mitochondrial |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, mitochondrial |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, somatic form, mitochondrial |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
DNA repair protein complementing XP-A cells |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrial |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Actin, gamma-enteric smooth muscle |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Actin, aortic smooth muscle |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Actin, alpha skeletal muscle |
| T3D0223 |
Arsenate |
Actin, alpha cardiac muscle 1 |