Hydrogen sulfide
描述
Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic and flammable gas. Because it is heavier than air it tends to accumulate at the bottom of poorly ventilated spaces. Although very pungent at first, it quickly deadens the sense of smell, so potential victims may be unaware of its presence until it is too late. H2S arises from virtually anywhere where elemental sulfur comes into contact with organic material, especially at high temperatures. Hydrogen sulfide is a covalent hydride chemically related to water (H2O) since oxygen and sulfur occur in the same periodic table group. It often results when bacteria break down organic matter in the absence of oxygen, such as in swamps, and sewers (alongside the process of anaerobic digestion). It also occurs in volcanic gases, natural gas and some well waters. It is also important to note that Hydrogen sulfide is a central participant in the sulfur cycle, the biogeochemical cycle of sulfur on Earth. As mentioned above, sulfur-reducing and sulfate-reducing bacteria derive energy from oxidizing hydrogen or organic molecules in the absence of oxygen by reducing sulfur or sulfate to hydrogen sulfide. Other bacteria liberate hydrogen sulfide from sulfur-containing amino acids. Several groups of bacteria can use hydrogen sulfide as fuel, oxidizing it to elemental sulfur or to sulfate by using oxygen or nitrate as oxidant. The purple sulfur bacteria and the green sulfur bacteria use hydrogen sulfide as electron donor in photosynthesis, thereby producing elemental sulfur. (In fact, this mode of photosynthesis is older than the mode of cyanobacteria, algae and plants which uses water as electron donor and liberates oxygen).
类别
"Household Toxin", "Industrial/Workplace Toxin", "Bacterial Toxin", "Natural Toxin"
同义词
"Dihydrogen disulfide", "Dihydrogen monosulfide", "Dihydrogen sulfide", "Hepatate", "Hepatic acid", "Hepatic gas", "Hydrogen monosulfide", "Hydrogen sulphide", "Hydrogen-sulfide", "Hydrosulfurate", "Hydrosulfuric acid", "Sewer gas", "Sour gas", "Sulfur hydride", "Sulfur hydroxide", "Sulfureted hydrogen", "Sulfuretted hydrogen"
IUPAC 名称
hydrogen sulfide
InChI 标识符
InChI=1S/H2S/h1H2
键
InChIKey=RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N
化合物类型
Inorganic compounds
大分类
Homogeneous non-metal compounds
类型
Other non-metal organides
子类
Other non-metal sulfides
直接大类
Other non-metal sulfides
另外分类
"Inorganic sulfides"
取代基
"Inorganic sulfide", "Other non-metal sulfide"
外部描述符
"Inorganic fungicides", "an inorganic compound", "hydracid", "mononuclear parent hydride", "sulfur hydride"
地位
Detected and Not Quantified
蜂窝位置
"Cytoplasm", "Extracellular"
组织位置
"Brain", "Colon", "Intestine", "Nerve Cells", "Neuron"
外貌
Colorless gas. (L1139)
熔点/沸点/溶解度
-85.49°C/-60.28 °C (212.87°K)/3.74 mg/mL at 21°C
暴露途径
Oral; inhalation; dermal
毒性机制
Although very pungent at first, hydrogen sulfide quickly deadens the sense of smell, so potential victims may be unaware of its presence until it is too late. Hydrogen sulfide forms a complex bond with iron in the mitochondrial cytochrome enzymes, thereby blocking oxygen from binding and stopping cellular respiration. (L1139)
致癌性
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
用途/来源
Volcanoes and hot springs emit some hydrogen sulfide, where it probably arises via the hydrolysis of sulfide minerals. Hydrogen sulfide can be present naturally in well water; it can be removed using ozone or a filter with manganese dioxide. About 10% of total global emissions of H2S is due to human activity. By far the largest industrial route to hydrogen sulfide occurs in petroleum refineries. Other anthropogenic sources of hydrogen sulfide include coke ovens, paper mills, and tanneries. H2S arises from virtually anywhere where elemental sulfur comes into contact with organic material, especially at high temperatures. Being heavier than air, H2S tends to accumulate at the bottom of poorly ventilated spaces. (L1139)
健康影响
Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic and flammable gas. Hydrogen sulfide is considered a broad-spectrum poison, meaning that it can poison several different systems in the body, although the nervous system is most affected. The toxicity of hydrogen sulfide is comparable with that of hydrogen cyanide. (L1139)
症状
Exposure to lower concentrations can result in eye irritation, a sore throat and cough, nausea, shortness of breath, and fluid in the lungs; these symptoms usually go away in a few weeks. Long-term, low-level exposure may result in fatigue, loss of appetite, headaches, irritability, poor memory, and dizziness. Higher concentrations of 700-800 ppm tend to be fatal. (L1139)
治疗
Treatment involves immediate inhalation of amyl nitrite, injections of sodium nitrite, inhalation of pure oxygen, administration of bronchodilators to overcome eventual bronchospasm, and in some cases hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO). HBO therapy has anecdotal support and remains controversial. (L1139)
维基百科链接
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen sulfide
创建于
2009-03-06 18:58:15 UTC
更新于
2014-12-24 20:21:18 UTC