1,1-Dichloroethane
描述
1,1-Dichloroethane is a colorless, oily, man-made liquid. It evaporates quickly at room temperature and has an odor like ether. 1,1-Dichloroethane burns easily. When 1,1-dichloroethane is released to the environment, it usually exists as a vapor rather than a liquid. It is used primarily to make 1,1,1-trichloroethane and a number of other chemicals. It is also used to dissolve other substances such as paint, varnish and finish removers, and to remove grease. 1,1-Dichloroethane was used as a surgical anesthetic, but is no longer. (L403)
类别
"Industrial/Workplace Toxin", "Pollutant", "Airborne Pollutant", "Synthetic Toxin"
同义词
"1,1-Dichlorethane", "1,1-Ethylidene dichloride", "1-Dichloro-ethane", "Alpha,alpha-dichloroethane", "Assymmetrical dichloroethane", "Chlorinated hydrochloric ether", "Dichloromethylmethane", "Ethylidene chloride", "Ethylidene dichloride"
IUPAC 名称
1,1-dichloroethane
InChI 标识符
InChI=1S/C2H4Cl2/c1-2(3)4/h2H,1H3
键
InChIKey=SCYULBFZEHDVBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
大分类
Organohalogen compounds
另外分类
"Alkyl chlorides", "Hydrocarbon derivatives"
取代基
"Aliphatic acyclic compound", "Alkyl chloride", "Alkyl halide", "Hydrocarbon derivative", "Organochloride"
分子框架
Aliphatic acyclic compounds
外部描述符
"organochlorine compound"
地位
Detected and Not Quantified
蜂窝位置
"Cytoplasm", "Extracellular"
熔点/沸点/溶解度
-96.9°C/57.2°C/5.04 mg/mL at 25 °C [HORVATH,AL et al. (1999)]
暴露途径
Inhalation (L404) ; oral (L404) ; dermal (L404) ; eye contact (L404)
毒性机制
The limited information available about 1,1-dichloroethane suggests that it may be nephrotoxic, fetotoxic, and possibly carcinogenic. 1,1-Dichloroethane has been observed to enhance cell transformation and results suggest that 1,1-dichloroethane or a metabolite can bind to cellular macromolecules such as DNA. It had been reported that 1,1-dichloroethane binds to nucleic acids and proteins in vivo and in vitro. This binding is also mediated by the liver cytochrome-P-450 system. Phenobarbital enhances the extent of covalent macromolecular binding. Hence, metabolites of 1,1-dichloroethane bind to the DNA, RNA, and tissue proteins. (L403)
代谢
After absorption, 1,1-dichloroethane is distributed to the liver, kidney, lung, and stomach. In general, the identification of specific metabolites and the monitoring of enzyme activities indicate that the biotransformation of 1,1-dichloroethane is mediated by hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 system. Metabolism of 1,1-dichloroethane by hepatic microsomes results in the production of acetic acid as the major metabolite and 2,2-dichloroethanol, mono-, and dichloroacetic acid as minor metabolites. The initial steps in the metabolism of 1,1-dichloroethane were proposed to involve cytochrome P-450-dependent hydroxylations at either carbon. Hydroxylation at C-l would result in the production of an unstable alpha-haloalcohol, which can lose HCl to yield acetyl chloride. An alternative, but less favorable reaction, would be a chlorine shift to yield chloroacetyl chloride. These acyl chlorides can react with water to generate free acids or react with cellular constituents. Hydroxylation at C-2 would produce 2,2-dichloroethanol, which would undergo subsequent oxidation to dichloroacetaldehyde and dichloroacetic acid. 1,1-dichloroethane metabolites are excreted in urine and breathed out air. (L403)
毒性值
LD50: 750 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T69)
LD50: 14.1 g/kg (Oral, Rat) (T70)
致癌性
No indication of carcinogenicity (not listed by IARC). (L135)
用途/来源
1,1-Dichloroethane is used primarily to make 1,1,1-trichloroethane and a number of other chemicals. It is also used to dissolve other substances such as paint, varnish and finish removers, and to remove grease. Exposure may results from breathing air containing vapors of 1,1-dichloroethane, drinking contaminated water, and through eye and skin contact. (L403)
健康影响
1,1-dichloroethane can cause kidney disease after long-term, high-level exposure in the air. It is also known to cause liver damage, as well as central nervous system depression. 1,1-Dichloroethane can cause dermatitis on prolonged dermal exposure. (L403, T65)
症状
Burning sensation, cough, drowsiness, headache, nausea, dullness, salivation, sneezing, and vomiting can follow inhnalation or ingestion of 1,1-dichloroethane. Eye exposure can lead to redness and pain of the contact surface. Dermal exposure can lead to roughness and dry skin. has very little effect on the skin. Especially, persons with existing skin disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of this agent. (L404, T64)
治疗
Following oral exposure, immediately dilute with 4 to 8 ounces (120 to 240 mL) of water or milk and administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Consider insertion of a small, flexible nasogastric or orogastric tube to suction gastric contents after recent large ingestions (the risk of further mucosal injury must be weighed against potential benefits). Following inhalation exposure, Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. After eye exposure, irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. If the exposure occurs through dermal contact, remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. In any case, a physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists. (T36)
创建于
2009-03-06 18:58:11 UTC
更新于
2014-12-24 20:21:14 UTC
目标
| 毒素T3DB ID | 毒素名称 | 目标名称 |
|---|
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Estrogen receptor beta |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Estrogen receptor alpha |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 3 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 4 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 3 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 2 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 1 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Calcium-transporting ATPase type 2C member 2 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
Calcium-transporting ATPase type 2C member 1 |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
RNA |
| T3D0160 |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
DNA |