Hydrogen cyanide
描述
Hydrogen cyanide (with the historical common name of Prussic acid) is a chemical compound with chemical formula HCN. It is a colorless, extremely poisonous liquid that boils slightly above room temperature at 26 C (79ЎF). A hydrogen cyanide concentration of 300 mg/m3 in air will kill a human within 10Р60 minutes.[38] A hydrogen cyanide concentration of 3500 ppm (about 3200 mg/m3) will kill a human in about 1 minute.[38] The toxicity is caused by the cyanide ion, which halts cellular respiration by acting as a non-competitive inhibitor for an enzyme in mitochondria called cytochrome c oxidase.
类别
"Industrial/Workplace Toxin", "Pollutant", "Airborne Pollutant", "Food Toxin", "Natural Toxin"
同义词
"Carbon hydride nitride", "Cyanide", "Evercyn", "Formic anammonide", "Formonitrile", "HCN", "Hydridonitridocarbon", "Hydrocyanic acid", "Hydrogen isocyanide", "Hydrogen(nitridocarbonate)", "Methanenitrile", "Nitrilomethane", "Prussic acid", "Zaclondiscoids", "Zootic acid", "Zyklon", "Zyklon b"
InChI 标识符
InChI=1S/CHN/c1-2/h1H
键
InChIKey=LELOWRISYMNNSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
大分类
Organic nitrogen compounds
类型
Organonitrogen compounds
另外分类
"Hydrocarbon derivatives", "Organopnictogen compounds"
取代基
"Aliphatic acyclic compound", "Carbonitrile", "Hydrocarbon derivative", "Organopnictogen compound"
分子框架
Aliphatic acyclic compounds
外部描述符
"a non-metabolic compound", "hydracid", "one-carbon compound"
地位
Detected and Not Quantified
蜂窝位置
"Cytoplasm", "Extracellular"
外貌
Colorless gas or liquid.
熔点/沸点/溶解度
-13.4°C//1000 mg/mL at 25 °C [METCALF,RL (1978)]
暴露途径
Oral (L96) ; inhalation (L96) ; dermal (L96)
毒性机制
Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)
代谢
Organic nitriles are converted into cyanide ions through the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver. Cyanide is rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Cyanide is mainly metabolized into thiocyanate by either rhodanese or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase. Cyanide metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L96)
毒性值
LD50: 3700 ug/kg (Subcutaneous, Rat) (N010)
LD50: 810 ug/kg (Intravenous, Rat)
LD50: 3700 ug/kg (Oral, Mouse)
LD50: 2990 ug/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse)
LC50: 142 ppm over 30 minutes (Inhalation, Rat) (T32)
致死剂量
50 to 60 mg (oral) or 270 ppm (inhaled for an adult human. (T37, T50)
致癌性
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
用途/来源
Hydrogen cyanide is a precursor to many chemical compounds, ranging from polymers to pharmaceuticals. (L101)
健康影响
Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)
症状
Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. (L96, L97)
治疗
Antidotes to cyanide poisoning include hydroxocobalamin and sodium nitrite, which release the cyanide from the cytochrome system, and rhodanase, which is an enzyme occurring naturally in mammals that combines serum cyanide with thiosulfate, producing comparatively harmless thiocyanate. Oxygen therapy can also be administered. (L97)
维基百科链接
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen cyanide
创建于
2009-03-06 18:58:08 UTC
更新于
2014-12-24 20:21:11 UTC
目标
| 毒素T3DB ID | 毒素名称 | 目标名称 |
|---|
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Carbonic anhydrase 9 |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Carbonic anhydrase 7 |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Carbonic anhydrase 6 |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Carbonic anhydrase 4 |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Carbonic anhydrase 2 |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Carbonic anhydrase 1 |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Glutathione peroxidase 7 |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8C, mitochondrial |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B2, mitochondrial |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2, mitochondrial |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B2 |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Tyrosinase |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Glutathione peroxidase 6 |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Epididymal secretory glutathione peroxidase |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase, mitochondrial |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Glutathione peroxidase 3 |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Glutathione peroxidase 2 |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Glutathione peroxidase 1 |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Catalase |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8A, mitochondrial |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7C, mitochondrial |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B, mitochondrial |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2, mitochondrial |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A1, mitochondrial |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1 |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A2, mitochondrial |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Probable glutathione peroxidase 8 |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Extracellular superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Alkaline phosphatase, placental-like |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A1, mitochondrial |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B, mitochondrial |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, mitochondrial |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 |
| T3D0133 |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 |