Americium-241
描述
Americium is a synthetic element that has the symbol Am and atomic number 95. It is a radioactive metallic element of the actinide series. Eighteen radioisotopes of americium, with mass number from 231 to 249, have been characterized. The most used isotope is Am-241 because it is easiest to produce. Americium is widely used in commercial ionization-chamber smoke detectors as well as in neutron sources and industrial gauges. Americium emits alpha and gamma radiation, which represents a serious health hazard. (L1103)
类别
"Industrial/Workplace Toxin", "Pollutant", "Airborne Pollutant", "Synthetic Toxin"
同义词
"(241)Am", "241Am", "Americium 241", "Americium, isotope of mass 241"
IUPAC 名称
(²⁴¹Am)americium
InChI 标识符
InChI=1S/Am/i1-2
键
InChIKey=LXQXZNRPTYVCNG-YPZZEJLDSA-N
化合物类型
Inorganic compounds
大分类
Homogeneous metal compounds
类型
Homogeneous actinide compounds
直接大类
Homogeneous actinide compounds
取代基
"Homogeneous actinide"
地位
Detected and Not Quantified
蜂窝位置
"Cytoplasm", "Extracellular"
暴露途径
Oral (L1843) ;Inhalation (L1843)
毒性机制
Americium toxicity results primarily from the damage done by the alpha particle emitted during radioactive decay. This alpha particle has very limited penetration in tissue, and hence, the cellular damage occurs only in the immediate vicinity of the sequestered americium. The ionizing radiation produced by americium causes cellular damage that includes DNA breakage, accurate or inaccurate repair, apoptosis, gene mutations, chromosomal change, and genetic instability. This leads to loss of normal cell and tissue homeostasis, and development of malignancy. Ionizing radiation that does not directly damage DNA can produce reactive oxygen intermediates that directly affect the stability of p53, an important enzyme in cell-cycle regulation, and produce oxidative damage to individual bases in DNA and point mutations by mispairing during DNA replication. (L1837)
代谢
Americium can be absorbed following ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure. In the body it distributes primarily to the liver, as well as to the bone and skeletal muscle. The metabolism of americium involves binding interactions with proteins and probably complex formation with various inorganic anions, such as carbonate and phosphate, and carboxylic acids, such as citrate and lactate. Americium is excreted in faeces and urine. (L1843)
致癌性
1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)
用途/来源
Americium is widely used in commercial ionization-chamber smoke detectors as well as in neutron sources and industrial gauges. (L1103)
最低风险等级
Acute Radiation: 4 mSv (L134)
Chronic Radiation: 1 mSv/yr (L134)
健康影响
Americium's radioactivity can cause cancer, especially of the bone, where it is known to accumulate. Exposure to large amount of americium may also damage the lungs, liver, and thyroid. (L1843)
症状
Exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation results in acute radiation syndrome, which can cause skin burns, hair loss, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, disorientation, low blood pressure, headache, fatigue, weakness, fever, birth defects, illness, infection, and death. (L1837, L1852)
治疗
Treatment reversing the effects of irradiation is currently not possible. Anaesthetics and antiemetics are administered to counter the symptoms of exposure, as well as antibiotics for countering secondary infections due to the resulting immune system deficiency. (L1852)
创建于
2009-03-06 18:58:08 UTC
更新于
2014-12-24 20:21:10 UTC