Plutonium
描述
Plutonium is an element with the symbol Pu and atomic number 94. It is a rare transuranic radioactive element that normally exhibits six allotropes and four oxidation states. It is also a radioactive poison that accumulates in bone marrow. (L1840)
类别
"Industrial/Workplace Toxin", "Pollutant", "Airborne Pollutant", "Natural Toxin"
同义词
"(9)4Pu", "94Pu", "Plutonio", "Plutonium, ion", "Plutonium, ion(4+)", "Pu"
键
InChIKey=OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
化合物类型
Inorganic compounds
大分类
Homogeneous metal compounds
类型
Homogeneous actinide compounds
直接大类
Homogeneous actinide compounds
取代基
"Homogeneous actinide"
外部描述符
"actinoid atom", "f-block element atom"
地位
Detected and Not Quantified
蜂窝位置
"Cytoplasm", "Extracellular"
外貌
Plutonium is a solid metal. It has a bright silvery appearance at first, much like nickel, but it oxidizes very quickly to a dull gray, although yellow and olive green are also reported. (L1840)
熔点/沸点/溶解度
912.5°K (639.4°C, 1182.9°F)/3505 K (3228 °C, 5842 °F)/
暴露途径
Oral (L1840) ; inhalation (L1840) ; dermal (L1840)
毒性机制
The alpha radiation plutonium emits does not penetrate the skin but can irradiate internal organs when plutonium is inhaled or ingested. Particularly at risk are the skeleton, where it is likely to be absorbed by the bone surface, and the liver, where it collects and becomes concentrated. The ionizing radiation produced by plutonium causes cellular damage that includes DNA breakage, accurate or inaccurate repair, apoptosis, gene mutations, chromosomal change, and genetic instability. This leads to loss of normal cell and tissue homeostasis, and development of malignancy. Ionizing radiation that does not directly damage DNA can produce reactive oxygen intermediates that directly affect the stability of p53, an important enzyme in cell-cycle regulation, and produce oxidative damage to individual bases in DNA and point mutations by mispairing during DNA replication. (L1837, L1841)
代谢
Plutonium-238 can affect the body following ingestion or inhalation. When inhaled, Pu-239 tends to accumulate in the lungs, though it also distributes to the liver and skeleton. Ingested plutonium is found in the liver and bone. Plutonium metabolism consists primarily of hydrolytic reactions and formation of complexes with protein and nonprotein ligands, such as albumin, globulins, ferritin, citrate, and lactate. Plutonium is excreted in feces and urine. (L1841)
致癌性
1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)
用途/来源
In nature, plutonium is only found in trace quantities. Artificially, Pu-238 and Pu-239 are synthesized by bombarding uranium-238 with deuterons and neutrons, respectively. Plutonium is used in explosives and the isotope Pu-239 is a key fissile component in nuclear weapons. Plutonium is also a source of power and heat; for example in radioisotope thermoelectric generators and radioisotope heater units, artificial heart pacemakers, or supplemental heat providing to scuba diving. (L1840)
健康影响
Plutonium's radioactivity can cause cancers of the bone, liver, and lungs if ingested or inhaled. Large amounts may also cause acute radiation poisoning. (L1840)
症状
Exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation results in acute radiation syndrome, which can cause skin burns, hair loss, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, disorientation, low blood pressure, headache, fatigue, weakness, fever, birth defects, illness, infection, and death. (L1837, L1852)
治疗
Treatment reversing the effects of irradiation is currently not possible. Anaesthetics and antiemetics are administered to counter the symptoms of exposure, as well as antibiotics for countering secondary infections due to the resulting immune system deficiency. (L1852)
维基百科链接
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium
创建于
2009-03-06 18:58:07 UTC
更新于
2014-12-24 20:21:10 UTC