创建日期
2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
更新日期
2021-09-14 15:41:24 UTC
名称
Dehydroepiandrosterone
描述
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a natural steroid hormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. DHEA is also produced in the gonads, adipose tissue, and the brain. DHEA is structurally similar to and is a precursor of, androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol, estrone, and estrogen. It is the most abundant hormone in the human body. Most of DHEA is sulfated (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or DHEA-S) before secretion. DHEA-S is the sulfated version of DHEA; this conversion is reversibly catalyzed by sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) primarily in the adrenals, the liver, and small intestines. In blood, most DHEA is found as DHEA-S with levels that are about 300 times higher than free DHEA. Blood measurements of DHEA-S/DHEA are useful to detect excess adrenal activity as seen in adrenal cancer or hyperplasia, including certain forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome tend to have normal or mildly elevated levels of DHEA-S.
同义词
1:3-BETA-HYDROXY-5-androsten-17-one
2:3beta-Hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one
3:Dehydroisoandrosterone
4:DHA
5:DHEA
6:Intrarosa
7:Prasterone
8:Biolaif
9:3-b-HYDROXY-5-androsten-17-one
10:3-Β-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one
11:3b-Hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one
12:3Β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one
13:(+)-Dehydroisoandrosterone
14:(3-beta)-3-Hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one
15:(3beta)-3-Hydroxy-androst-5-en-17-one
16:(3beta,16alpha)-3,16-Dihydroxy-androst-5-en-17-one
17:17-Chetovis
18:17-Hormoforin
19:3-beta-Hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one
20:3b-Hydroxy-D5-androsten-17-one
21:3beta-Hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one
22:3beta-Hydroxy-androst-5-en-17-one
23:3beta-Hydroxy-D5-androsten-17-one
24:5,6-Dehydroisoandrosterone
25:5,6-Didehydroisoandrosterone
26:5-Androsten-3-beta-ol-17-one
27:5-Androsten-3b-ol-17-one
28:5-Androsten-3beta-ol-17-one
29:5-Dehydro-epiandrosterone
30:5-Dehydroepiandrosterone
31:Andrestenol
32:Androst-5-ene-3b-ol-17-one
33:Androst-5-ene-3beta-ol-17-one
34:Androsten-3beta-ol-17-one
35:Androstenolone
36:Astenile
37:D5-Androsten-3b-ol-17-one
38:D5-Androsten-3beta-ol-17-one
39:Deandros
40:Dehydro-epi-androsterone
41:Diandron
42:Diandrone
43:Hydroxyandrostenone
44:Prasterona
45:Prasteronum
46:Prestara
47:Psicosterone
48:trans-Dehydroandrosterone
49:Prasterone, 3 alpha-isomer
50:5 Androsten 3 beta hydroxy 17 one
51:5-Androsten-3-beta-hydroxy-17-one
52:5 Androsten 3 ol 17 one
53:Prasterone, 3 alpha isomer
54:5-Androsten-3-ol-17-one
55:EM-760Dehydroandrosterone
化学名称
(1S,2R,5S,10R,11S,15S)-5-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-7-en-14-one
传统名称
(1S,2R,5S,10R,11S,15S)-5-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-7-en-14-one
代谢物结构字符串
[H][C@@]12CCC(=O)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@@]1([H])[C@@]2([H])CC=C2C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]12C
inchi标识符
InChI=1S/C19H28O2/c1-18-9-7-13(20)11-12(18)3-4-14-15-5-6-17(21)19(15,2)10-8-16(14)18/h3,13-16,20H,4-11H2,1-2H3/t13-,14-,15-,16-,18-,19-/m0/s1
印记键
FMGSKLZLMKYGDP-USOAJAOKSA-N
分类学
description: belongs to the class of organic compounds known as androgens and derivatives. These are 3-hydroxylated C19 steroid hormones. They are known to favor the development of masculine characteristics. They also show profound effects on scalp and body hair in humans.
description:Androgens and derivatives
kingdom:Organic compounds
super_class:Lipids and lipid-like molecules
class:Steroids and steroid derivatives
sub_class:Androstane steroids
molecular_framework:Aliphatic homopolycyclic compounds
1:17-oxosteroids
2:3-beta-hydroxy delta-5-steroids
3:3-beta-hydroxysteroids
4:Cyclic alcohols and derivatives
5:Delta-5-steroids
6:Hydrocarbon derivatives
7:Ketones
8:Organic oxides
9:Secondary alcohols
10:17-oxosteroid
11:3-beta-hydroxy-delta-5-steroid
12:3-beta-hydroxysteroid
13:3-hydroxy-delta-5-steroid
14:3-hydroxysteroid
15:Alcohol
16:Aliphatic homopolycyclic compound
17:Androgen-skeleton
18:Carbonyl group
19:Cyclic alcohol
20:Delta-5-steroid
21:Hydrocarbon derivative
22:Hydroxysteroid
23:Ketone
24:Organic oxide
25:Organic oxygen compound
26:Organooxygen compound
27:Oxosteroid
28:Secondary alcohol
29:17-oxo steroid
30:3beta-hydroxy steroid
31:Androgens
32:Androstane and derivatives
33:C19 steroids (androgens) and derivatives
34:C19 steroids (androgens) and derivatives
35:androstanoid
本体论
term:Physiological effect
definition:The effect on an organism physiology, resulting from its exposure to a chemical.
parent_id:
level:1
type:parent
term:Health effect
definition:A health condition or observation associated with a stimuli or with a biological activity of a chemical.
parent_id:7693
*level:2
type:parent
term:Health condition
definition:A health effect that consists on short or long-term disease, condition, disorder, syndrome or constant abnormality.
parent_id:7694
**level:3
type:parent
term:Benign prostatic hyperplasia
definition:
parent_id:7695
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Bep
synonym:Bph
synonym:Benign enlargement of the prostate
synonym:Nodular hyperplasia
synonym:Benign prostatic hypertrophy
synonym:Benign prostatic hypertrophy (bph)
term:Acne
definition:
parent_id:7695
***level:4
type:child
term:Infertility
definition:
parent_id:7695
***level:4
type:child
term:Cardiac disorders
definition:Any disorder that affects the heart.
parent_id:7695
***level:4
type:parent
term:Psychiatric disorders
definition:A group of disorders characterized by behavioral and/or psychological abnormalities, often accompanied by physical symptoms. the symptoms may cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social and occupational areas of functioning. representative examples include anxiety disorders, cognitive disorders, mood disorders and schizophrenia. (nci).
parent_id:7695
***level:4
type:parent
term:Nervous system disorders
definition:Any disorder (non-neoplastic or neoplastic) that affects the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves.
parent_id:7695
***level:4
type:parent
term:Observation
definition:A short term health effect which reflects the reponse of the body to stimuli or is a symptom of a disease or condition; also includes health status which reflects stage in life.
parent_id:7694
**level:3
type:parent
term:Hair loss
definition:
parent_id:7717
***level:4
type:child
term:Disposition
definition:A concept that describes the origin of a chemical, its location within an organism, or its route of exposure.
parent_id:
level:1
type:parent
term:Route of exposure
definition:A mean by which a chemical agent comes in contact with an organism, either under intended or unintended circumstances.
parent_id:7724
*level:2
type:parent
term:Enteral
definition:Chemical exposure via the alimentary canal (mouth to anus).
parent_id:7743
**level:3
type:parent
term:Ingestion
definition:Chemical exposure facilitated by entry through the mouth.
parent_id:7744
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Digestion
term:Source
definition:Natural or synthetic origin of a chemical.
parent_id:7724
*level:2
type:parent
term:Endogenous
definition:
parent_id:7735
**level:3
type:child
term:Food
definition:
parent_id:7735
**level:3
type:child
term:Synthetic
definition:A man-made product or sample in which a chemical can be found.
parent_id:7735
**level:3
type:parent
term:Personal care product
definition:
parent_id:7742
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Pcp
synonym:Toiletries
synonym:Toiletry
synonym:Personal hygiene
synonym:Beautification product
term:Biological
definition:A living organism (species or a higher taxonomy rank), in which a chemical can be found.
parent_id:7735
**level:3
type:parent
term:Animal
definition:A living organism belonging to the kingdom animalia. it feeds on organic matter, typically having specialized sense organs and nervous system and able to respond rapidly to stimuli.
parent_id:7736
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Fauna
term:Plant
definition:A living organism belonging to the kingdom plantea. typically, it grows in a permanent site, absorbs water and inorganic substances through its roots, and synthesizes nutrients in its leaves by photosynthesis using the green pigment chlorophyll. examples incude trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses.
parent_id:7736
***level:4
type:parent
synonym:Flora
term:Biological location
definition:The physiological origin within an organism, including anatomical compnents, biofluids and excreta.
parent_id:7724
*level:2
type:parent
term:Tissue and substructures
definition:An anatomical organizational level including multiple cells yet not comprising a complete organ .
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Placenta
definition:An organ present in some vertebrates during embryonic gestation that surrounds the fetus and provides it with nutrients and oxygen, facilitates gas and waste exchange between the fetus and mother, and provides parasitic cloaking from the mother's immune system by excretion of neurokinin b. (nci).
parent_id:7729
***level:4
type:child
term:Epidermis
definition:The epithelial portion of the skin (cutis). it consists of the following layers: stratum corneum (horny layer), stratum granulosum (granular layer), stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer), and stratum basale (basal cell layer). (nci).
parent_id:7729
***level:4
type:child
term:Adipose tissue
definition:A specialized form of connective tissue consisting primarily of adipocytes (fat cells), surrounded by a meshwork of collagen fibers. (NCI)
parent_id:7729
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Fat tissue
synonym:Body fat
synonym:Adipose
term:Muscle
definition:A fibrous soft tissue with the ability to contract to produce force and motion. (nci).
parent_id:7729
***level:4
type:child
term:Hepatic tissue
definition:The tissue of the liver. It includes the hepatic lobules, hepatic sinusoids, perisinusoidal spaces, and portal triad. The hepatic lobules are composed of hepatocytes. (NCI Thesaurus).
parent_id:7729
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Liver tissue
term:Cell and elements
definition:An anatomical organizational level comprising of a single cell (or a fragment in some exceptions). a cell is defined by its type or function. it is the smallest unit of living structure capable of independent existence, composed of a membrane-enclosed mass of protoplasm and containing a nucleus or nucleoid.
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Extracellular
definition:The space external to the outermost structure of a cell.
parent_id:7732
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Extracellular region
term:Element
definition:
parent_id:7732
***level:4
type:parent
term:Cell
definition:
parent_id:7732
***level:4
type:parent
term:Organ and components
definition:An anatomical organizational level including multiple tissues or substructures, which enables a common biological function.
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Gonad
definition:A reproductive system organ that produces and releases either sperm (testis) or eggs (ovary). (nci).
parent_id:7727
***level:4
type:child
term:Testicle
definition:Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. (nci).
parent_id:7727
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Testes
synonym:Testis
term:Brain
definition:An organ composed of grey and white matter that is the center for intelligence and reasoning. it is protected by the bony cranium. (nci).
parent_id:7727
***level:4
type:child
term:Liver
definition:An abdominal organ that has variable lobation which are composed mainly of hepatic lobules. (nci).
parent_id:7727
***level:4
type:child
term:Prostate
definition:The male reproductive accessory gland that produces prostatic fluid and is located adjacent to or around the urethra distal to the urinary bladder in mammals. (nci).
parent_id:7727
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Prostate gland
term:Kidney
definition:The organs of the urinary tract located in the retroperitoneal cavity adjacent to the spine and composed of the renal cortex and the renal medulla. (nci).
parent_id:7727
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Kidneys
term:Endocrine gland
definition:
parent_id:7727
***level:4
type:parent
term:Subcellular
definition:An anatomical organizational level including a component within a biological cell .
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Cytoplasm
definition:The portion of the cell contained within the plasma membrane but excluding the nucleus.
parent_id:7730
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Cytoplasma
term:Membrane
definition:
parent_id:7730
***level:4
type:child
term:Endoplasmic reticulum
definition:A network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell, occurring either with a smooth surface (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) or studded with ribosomes (rough endoplasmic reticulum), involved in the transport of materials. (Infoplease Dictionary via NCI)
parent_id:7730
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Er
term:Cell membrane
definition:A cellular compartment that separates a cellВ interiorВ from its exterior.
parent_id:7730
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Cellular membrane
term:Biofluid and excreta
definition:A liquid, semi-solid or solid material originating in the body.
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Saliva
definition:The watery fluid in the mouth made by the salivary glands. saliva moistens food to help digestion and it helps protect the mouth against infections. (nci).
parent_id:7731
***level:4
type:child
term:Blood
definition:A liquid tissue with the primary function of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide (nci). it supplies the tissues with nutrients, removes waste products, and contains various components of the immune system defending the body against infection.
parent_id:7731
***level:4
type:child
term:Urine
definition:Excretion in liquid state processed by the kidney.
parent_id:7731
***level:4
type:child
term:Cerebrospinal fluid
definition:The fluid that is contained within the brain ventricles, the subarachnoid space and the central canal of the spinal cord. (nci).
parent_id:7731
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Csf
term:Process
definition:Biological or chemical events, or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.
parent_id:
level:1
type:parent
term:Naturally occurring process
definition:Naturally-occurring molecular events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.
parent_id:7659
*level:2
type:parent
term:Biological process
definition:Biological or chemical events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product within an organism.
parent_id:7660
**level:3
type:parent
term:Biochemical process
definition:A biological process occurring at the subcellular level, involving biochemical reactions.
parent_id:7661
***level:4
type:parent
term:Chemical reaction
definition:A defined chemical event that occurs within or between organism cells.
parent_id:7661
***level:4
type:parent
term:System process
definition:A biological process occurring in an organ, a system or at the organism level.
parent_id:7661
***level:4
type:parent
term:Cellular process
definition:A biological process occurring within a cell or its surroundings.
parent_id:7661
***level:4
type:parent
term:Biochemical pathway
definition:A linked series of chemical reactions that occur in a defined order within or between organism cells, and lead to a known function or end product.
parent_id:7661
***level:4
type:parent
term:Role
definition:The purpose or function assumed by a chemical, either naturally or as intended by humans .
parent_id:
level:1
type:parent
term:Industrial application
definition:The assumed function of a chemical utilized by human.
parent_id:7671
*level:2
type:parent
term:Personal care products
definition:Cosmetics and personal hygene products in which a chemical was incorportaed during the manufacturing process.
parent_id:7678
**level:3
type:child
term:Surfactant
definition:A chemical substance that has the ability to lower the surface tension of water or to reduce the interfacial tension between two immiscible substances. in the cspa consumer product ingredients dictionary, surfactants are classified on the basis of their ionic characteristics, as amphoteric, anionic, cationic, or nonionic; and functions, which are subdivided into the following major groups: surfactant - cleaning agent, surfactant - conditioning agent, surfactant - emulsifying agent, surfactant - foam booster , surfactant hydrotrop , surfactant - solubility agent, surfactant - suspending agent.
parent_id:7678
**level:3
type:child
synonym:Surface-active agent
term:Emulsifier
definition:Substances that promote the formation and stability of a suspension of fine particles of a liquid in another liquid.
parent_id:7678
**level:3
type:child
term:Biological role
definition:The biological function of a chemical. the biological role answers the question how a chemical is involved in molecular processes in an organism. this can include biochemical effects of non-endogenous chemicals, which are also assigned an industrial application such as pharmaceuticals. the biological role is limited to cellular levls, and will not include role at system process level, such as a chemical which has a role in a disease.
parent_id:7671
*level:2
type:parent
term:Membrane stabilizer
definition:A chemical substance that supports the formation and maintenance of a structurally-sound and functioning cell or organelle membrane. Phospholipids form a bilayer and maintain the stability of the membrane structure together with proteins, and other lipids (i.e. cholesterol) which further strengthen it and decrease its permeability.
parent_id:7672
**level:3
type:child
synonym:Membrane stability agent
synonym:Membrane integrity agent
term:Energy source
definition:
parent_id:7672
**level:3
type:child
term:Energy storage
definition:A chemical substance which can be utilized for production of energy in the organism.
parent_id:7672
**level:3
type:child
term:Molecular messenger
definition: a chemical substance that is involved in transmission of biochemical signals.
parent_id:7672
**level:3
type:parent
term:Signaling molecule
definition:A chemical substance that particpiates in signal transduction processes in a living cell.
parent_id:7677
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Signalling molecule
synonym:Signaling agent
synonym:Cell signaling agent
实验性质
1:
kind:water_solubility
value:0.0635 mg/mL
source:
2:
kind:logp
value:3.23
source:HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
3:
kind:melting_point
value:140 - 141 °C
source:
预测性质
1:
kind:logp
value:3.53
source:ALOGPS
2:
kind:logs
value:-3.82
source:ALOGPS
3:
kind:solubility
value:0.044 g/L
source:ALOGPS
4:
kind:logp
value:3.36
source:ChemAxon
5:
kind:pka_strongest_acidic
value:18.2
source:ChemAxon
6:
kind:pka_strongest_basic
value:-1.4
source:ChemAxon
7:
kind:iupac
value:(1S,2R,5S,10R,11S,15S)-5-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-7-en-14-one
source:ChemAxon
8:
kind:average_mass
value:288.4244
source:ChemAxon
9:
kind:mono_mass
value:288.20893014
source:ChemAxon
10:
kind:smiles
value:[H][C@@]12CCC(=O)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@@]1([H])[C@@]2([H])CC=C2C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]12C
source:ChemAxon
11:
kind:formula
value:C19H28O2
source:ChemAxon
12:
kind:inchi
value:InChI=1S/C19H28O2/c1-18-9-7-13(20)11-12(18)3-4-14-15-5-6-17(21)19(15,2)10-8-16(14)18/h3,13-16,20H,4-11H2,1-2H3/t13-,14-,15-,16-,18-,19-/m0/s1
source:ChemAxon
13:
kind:inchikey
value:FMGSKLZLMKYGDP-USOAJAOKSA-N
source:ChemAxon
14:
kind:polar_surface_area
value:37.3
source:ChemAxon
15:
kind:refractivity
value:84.66
source:ChemAxon
16:
kind:polarizability
value:34.1
source:ChemAxon
17:
kind:rotatable_bond_count
value:0
source:ChemAxon
18:
kind:acceptor_count
value:2
source:ChemAxon
19:
kind:donor_count
value:1
source:ChemAxon
20:
kind:physiological_charge
value:0
source:ChemAxon
21:
kind:formal_charge
value:0
source:ChemAxon
22:
kind:number_of_rings
value:4
source:ChemAxon
23:
kind:bioavailability
value:Yes
source:ChemAxon
24:
kind:rule_of_five
value:Yes
source:ChemAxon
25:
kind:ghose_filter
value:Yes
source:ChemAxon
26:
kind:veber_rule
value:Yes
source:ChemAxon
27:
kind:mddr_like_rule
value:No
source:ChemAxon
生物学性质
1:
cellular:(1):Cytoplasm
cellular:(2):Endoplasmic reticulum
cellular:(3):Extracellular
cellular:(4):Membrane
2:
biospecimen:(1):Blood
biospecimen:(2):Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
biospecimen:(3):Saliva
biospecimen:(4):Urine
3:
tissue:(1):Adipose Tissue
tissue:(2):Adrenal Cortex
tissue:(3):Adrenal Gland
tissue:(4):Brain
tissue:(5):Epidermis
tissue:(6):Fibroblasts
tissue:(7):Kidney
tissue:(8):Liver
tissue:(9):Neuron
tissue:(10):Ovary
tissue:(11):Placenta
tissue:(12):Platelet
tissue:(13):Prostate
tissue:(14):Skeletal Muscle
tissue:(15):Testis
4:
[1]:
name:17-Beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase III Deficiency
smpdb_id:SMP00356
kegg_map_id:
[2]:
name:Androgen and Estrogen Metabolism
smpdb_id:SMP00068
kegg_map_id:map00150
[3]:
name:Aromatase deficiency
smpdb_id:SMP00565
kegg_map_id:
正常浓度
1:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.00173-0.0264
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)
subject_sex:Female
subject_condition:Normal
2:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.00225-0.0433
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)
subject_sex:Female
subject_condition:Normal
3:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.020 +/- 0.011
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Male
subject_condition:Normal
4:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.0153 +/- 0.00763
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Female
subject_condition:Normal
5:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:
concentration_units:
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
6:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.001 (0.00034-0.0017)
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)
subject_sex:Female
subject_condition:Normal
7:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.0087 (0.0035-0.013)
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Female
subject_condition:Normal
8:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.0146 +/- 0.00451
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Female
subject_condition:Normal
9:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.023 (0.005-0.042)
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
10:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.000700-0.0204
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)
subject_sex:Not Specified
subject_condition:Normal
11:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.00295 +/- 0.00319
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
12:
biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
concentration_value:0.00101 (0.00002-0.002)
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Not Specified
subject_condition:Normal
13:
biospecimen:Saliva
concentration_value:0.0033 (0.0024-0.0090)
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
14:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.0022 (0.0006-0.0273)
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
15:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.10 (0.066-0.17)
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Male
subject_condition:Normal
16:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.022 (0.017-0.041)
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Female
subject_condition:Normal
17:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.13 +/- 0.057
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
18:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.0016 +/- 0.00026
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
19:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:
concentration_units:
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
异常浓度
1:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.00250-0.00284
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)
patient_sex:Female
patient_information:21-hydroxylase deficiency
2:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.0103 +/- 0.0100
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)
patient_sex:Not Specified
patient_information:Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 deficiency
3:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.00520 +/- 0.00740
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)
patient_sex:Not Specified
patient_information:Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 deficiency
4:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.052
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)
patient_sex:Male
patient_information:Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 deficiency
5:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.653
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Adolescent (13-18 years old)
patient_sex:Male
patient_information:Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 deficiency
6:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.00157-0.385
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)
patient_sex:Both
patient_information:Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 deficiency
7:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.0226-0.407
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)
patient_sex:Both
patient_information:Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 deficiency
8:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.00150 +/- 0.00120
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)
patient_sex:Both
patient_information:Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 deficiency
9:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.0120 +/- 0.00700
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)
patient_sex:Male
patient_information:Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 deficiency
10:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.0140 +/- 0.00700
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)
patient_sex:Female
patient_information:Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 deficiency
11:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.00800 +/- 0.0100
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Infant (0-1 year old)
patient_sex:Not Specified
patient_information:Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 deficiency
12:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:<0.00003
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)
patient_sex:Female
patient_information:Lipoid Adrenal Hyperplasia
13:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:<0.00003
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Adolescent (13-18 years old)
patient_sex:Female
patient_information:Lipoid Adrenal Hyperplasia
14:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.0184-0.0333
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)
patient_sex:Female
patient_information:Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 deficiency
15:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.00240-0.00830
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Infant (0-1 year old)
patient_sex:Both
patient_information:Antley-Bixler syndrome with genital anomalies and disordered steroidogenesis
16:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.0016
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)
patient_sex:Female
patient_information:Aromatase deficiency
17:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.0448 +/- 0.0655
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)
patient_sex:Both
patient_information:Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 deficiency
18:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.00246 +/- 0.00350
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)
patient_sex:Both
patient_information:Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 deficiency
19:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.00101
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)
patient_sex:Female
patient_information:Adrenal insufficiency, congenital, with 46,XY sex reversal, partial or complete
20:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.0042
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)
patient_sex:Female
patient_information:Adrenal insufficiency, congenital, with 46,XY sex reversal, partial or complete
21:
biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
concentration_value:0.00114 +/- 0.000630
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)
patient_sex:Not Specified
patient_information:Leuprolide acetate-induced hypogonadism
22:
biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
concentration_value:0.00127 +/- 0.00128
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)
patient_sex:Not Specified
patient_information:Leuprolide acetate-induced hypogonadism with testosterone replacment
23:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.00032 +/- 0.000065
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)
patient_sex:Both
patient_information:Rheumatoid arthritis
24:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.00066 +/- 0.00021
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)
patient_sex:Both
patient_information:Rheumatoid arthritis
25:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.00034 +/- 0.000078
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)
patient_sex:Both
patient_information:Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
26:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.0011 +/- 0.00026
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)
patient_sex:Both
patient_information:Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
疾病参考
1:
name:Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 deficiency
omim_id:201810
[1]:
reference_text:Hattori N, Ishihara T, Moridera K, Hino M, Ikekubo K, Kurahachi H: A case of late-onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to partial 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency. Endocr J. 1993 Feb;40(1):107-9.
pubmed_id:7951484
[2]:
reference_text:Lutfallah C, Wang W, Mason JI, Chang YT, Haider A, Rich B, Castro-Magana M, Copeland KC, David R, Pang S: Newly proposed hormonal criteria via genotypic proof for type II 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jun;87(6):2611-22. doi: 10.1210/jcem.87.6.8615.
pubmed_id:12050224
[3]:
reference_text:Benkert AR, Young M, Robinson D, Hendrickson C, Lee PA, Strauss KA: Severe Salt-Losing 3beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency: Treatment and Outcomes of HSD3B2 c.35G>A Homozygotes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Aug;100(8):E1105-15. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-2098. Epub 2015 Jun 16.
pubmed_id:26079780
[4]:
reference_text:Guven A, Polat S: Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumor in Two Brothers with a Novel Mutation in the 3-Beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase-2 Gene. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2017 Mar 1;9(1):85-90. doi: 10.4274/jcrpe.3306. Epub 2016 Jul 29.
pubmed_id:27476613
2:
name:Aromatase deficiency
omim_id:613546
[1]:
reference_text:Mullis PE, Yoshimura N, Kuhlmann B, Lippuner K, Jaeger P, Harada H: Aromatase deficiency in a female who is compound heterozygote for two new point mutations in the P450arom gene: impact of estrogens on hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, multicystic ovaries, and bone densitometry in childhood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Jun;82(6):1739-45. doi: 10.1210/jcem.82.6.3994.
pubmed_id:9177373
3:
name:21-Hydroxylase deficiency
omim_id:201910
[1]:
reference_text:Tonetto-Fernandes V, Lemos-Marini SH, Kuperman H, Ribeiro-Neto LM, Verreschi IT, Kater CE: Serum 21-Deoxycortisol, 17-Hydroxyprogesterone, and 11-deoxycortisol in classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia: clinical and hormonal correlations and identification of patients with 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency among a large group with alleged 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jun;91(6):2179-84. Epub 2006 Mar 21.
pubmed_id:16551734
[2]:
reference_text:Turcu AF, Rege J, Chomic R, Liu J, Nishimoto HK, Else T, Moraitis AG, Palapattu GS, Rainey WE, Auchus RJ: Profiles of 21-Carbon Steroids in 21-hydroxylase Deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Jun;100(6):2283-90. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-1023. Epub 2015 Apr 7.
pubmed_id:25850025
[3]:
reference_text:White PC, Speiser PW: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Endocr Rev. 2000 Jun;21(3):245-91. doi: 10.1210/edrv.21.3.0398.
pubmed_id:10857554
[4]:
reference_text:Warinner SA, Zimmerman D, Thompson GB, Grant CS: Study of three patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia treated by bilateral adrenalectomy. World J Surg. 2000 Nov;24(11):1347-52.
pubmed_id:11038205
[5]:
reference_text:Gmyrek GA, New MI, Sosa RE, Poppas DP: Bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy as a treatment for classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia attributable to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Pediatrics. 2002 Feb;109(2):E28.
pubmed_id:11826238
[6]:
reference_text:Falhammar H, Wedell A, Nordenstrom A: Biochemical and genetic diagnosis of 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Endocrine. 2015 Nov;50(2):306-14. doi: 10.1007/s12020-015-0731-6. Epub 2015 Sep 4.
pubmed_id:26336836
[7]:
reference_text:MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)
pubmed_id:
4:
name:Antley-Bixler syndrome with genital anomalies and disordered steroidogenesis
omim_id:201750
[1]:
reference_text:Breckenridge WC, Alaupovic P, Cox DW, Little JA: Apolipoprotein and lipoprotein concentrations in familial apolipoprotein C-II deficiency. Atherosclerosis. 1982 Aug;44(2):223-35.
pubmed_id:7138621
[2]:
reference_text:Fukami M, Hasegawa T, Horikawa R, Ohashi T, Nishimura G, Homma K, Ogata T: Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency in three patients initially regarded as having 21-hydroxylase deficiency and/or aromatase deficiency: diagnostic value of urine steroid hormone analysis. Pediatr Res. 2006 Feb;59(2):276-80. doi: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000195825.31504.28.
pubmed_id:16439592
5:
name:Adrenal insufficiency, congenital, with 46,XY sex reversal, partial or complete
omim_id:613743
[1]:
reference_text:Kim CJ, Lin L, Huang N, Quigley CA, AvRuskin TW, Achermann JC, Miller WL: Severe combined adrenal and gonadal deficiency caused by novel mutations in the cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme, P450scc. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Mar;93(3):696-702. doi: 10.1210/jc.2007-2330. Epub 2008 Jan 8.
pubmed_id:18182448
6:
name:Lipoid Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
omim_id:201710
[1]:
reference_text:Fujieda K, Tajima T, Nakae J, Sageshima S, Tachibana K, Suwa S, Sugawara T, Strauss JF 3rd: Spontaneous puberty in 46,XX subjects with congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia. Ovarian steroidogenesis is spared to some extent despite inactivating mutations in the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) gene. J Clin Invest. 1997 Mar 15;99(6):1265-71. doi: 10.1172/JCI119284.
pubmed_id:9077535
[2]:
reference_text:Hauffa BP, Miller WL, Grumbach MM, Conte FA, Kaplan SL: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to deficient cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity (20, 22-desmolase) in a patient treated for 18 years. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1985 Nov;23(5):481-93.
pubmed_id:3841304
7:
name:Rheumatoid arthritis
omim_id:180300
[1]:
reference_text:Laitinen O, Seppala E, Nissila M, Vapaatalo H: Plasma levels and urinary excretion of prostaglandins in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 1983 Dec;2(4):401-6.
pubmed_id:6589104
[2]:
reference_text:Chiang EP, Smith DE, Selhub J, Dallal G, Wang YC, Roubenoff R: Inflammation causes tissue-specific depletion of vitamin B6. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7(6):R1254-62. Epub 2005 Sep 13.
pubmed_id:16277678
[3]:
reference_text:Jensen T, Klarlund M, Hansen M, Jensen KE, Skjodt H, Hyldstrup L: Connective tissue metabolism in patients with unclassified polyarthritis and early rheumatoid arthritis. Relationship to disease activity, bone mineral density, and radiographic outcome. J Rheumatol. 2004 Sep;31(9):1698-708.
pubmed_id:15338487
[4]:
reference_text:Chavis C, Fraissinet L, Chanez P, Thomas E, Bousquet J: A method for the measurement of plasma hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid levels. Anal Biochem. 1999 Jun 15;271(1):105-8.
pubmed_id:10361015
[5]:
reference_text:Straub RH, Weidler C, Demmel B, Herrmann M, Kees F, Schmidt M, Scholmerich J, Schedel J: Renal clearance and daily excretion of cortisol and adrenal androgens in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004 Aug;63(8):961-8.
pubmed_id:15249323
[6]:
reference_text:Tie-juan ShaoZhi-xing HeZhi-jun XieHai-chang LiMei-jiao WangCheng-ping Wen. Characterization of ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis using 1H NMR-based metabolomics of human fecal extracts. Metabolomics. April 2016, 12:70: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11306-016-1000-2
维基百科编号
Dehydroepiandrosterone
代谢途径的数据库编号
3-BETA-HYDROXYANDROST-5-EN-17-ONE
综合参考
Nguyen Xuan Cuong; Nguyen Van Dan. Synthesis of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) from 16-dehydropregnenolone acetate (DPA). Tap Chi Duoc Hoc (1983), (4), 12-14.
一般参考
1:
protein_accession:HMDBP00355
name:Sulfotransferase family cytosolic 2B member 1
uniprot_id:O00204
gene_name:SULT2B1
protein_type:Enzyme
2:
protein_accession:HMDBP00446
name:Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3
uniprot_id:Q9NPD5
gene_name:SLCO1B3
protein_type:Transporter
3:
protein_accession:HMDBP00454
name:Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1
uniprot_id:Q9Y6L6
gene_name:SLCO1B1
protein_type:Transporter
4:
protein_accession:HMDBP00493
name:Steryl-sulfatase
uniprot_id:P08842
gene_name:STS
protein_type:Unknown
5:
protein_accession:HMDBP00502
name:Cholesterol 7-alpha-monooxygenase
uniprot_id:P22680
gene_name:CYP7A1
protein_type:Unknown
6:
protein_accession:HMDBP01043
name:Steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase
uniprot_id:P05093
gene_name:CYP17A1
protein_type:Unknown
7:
protein_accession:HMDBP04403
name:3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta 5-->4-isomerase type 1
uniprot_id:P14060
gene_name:HSD3B1
protein_type:Unknown
8:
protein_accession:HMDBP04404
name:3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta 5-->4-isomerase type 2
uniprot_id:P26439
gene_name:HSD3B2
protein_type:Unknown
9:
protein_accession:HMDBP09068
name:Solute carrier family 22 member 7
uniprot_id:Q9Y694
gene_name:SLC22A7
protein_type:Transporter
蛋白质结合
1:
reference_text:Schwarz S, Pohl P: Steroid hormones and steroid hormone binding globulins in cerebrospinal fluid studied in individuals with intact and with disturbed blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Neuroendocrinology. 1992 Feb;55(2):174-82.
pubmed_id:1620285
2:
reference_text:Robinzon B, Michael KK, Ripp SL, Winters SJ, Prough RA: Glucocorticoids inhibit interconversion of 7-hydroxy and 7-oxo metabolites of dehydroepiandrosterone: a role for 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases? Arch Biochem Biophys. 2003 Apr 15;412(2):251-8.
pubmed_id:12667489
3:
reference_text:Rao MS, Subbarao V, Yeldandi AV, Reddy JK: Hepatocarcinogenicity of dehydroepiandrosterone in the rat. Cancer Res. 1992 May 15;52(10):2977-9.
pubmed_id:1316232
4:
reference_text:Saruc M, Yuceyar H, Ayhan S, Turkel N, Tuzcuoglu I, Can M: The association of dehydroepiandrosterone, obesity, waist-hip ratio and insulin resistance with fatty liver in postmenopausal women--a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic insulin clamp study. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 May-Jun;50(51):771-4.
pubmed_id:12828082
5:
reference_text:Bamberg E, Aichinger A, Mitteregger G: In vitro metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone by canine hair follicle cells. Vet Dermatol. 2004 Feb;15(1):19-24.
pubmed_id:14989701
6:
reference_text:Gordon GB, Bush TL, Helzlsouer KJ, Miller SR, Comstock GW: Relationship of serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to the risk of developing postmenopausal breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1990 Jul 1;50(13):3859-62.
pubmed_id:2141293
7:
reference_text:Weill-Engerer S, David JP, Sazdovitch V, Liere P, Schumacher M, Delacourte A, Baulieu EE, Akwa Y: In vitro metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to 7alpha-hydroxy-DHEA and Delta5-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol in specific regions of the aging brain from Alzheimer's and non-demented patients. Brain Res. 2003 Apr 18;969(1-2):117-25.
pubmed_id:12676372
8:
reference_text:Finlay EM, Morton MS, Gaskell SJ: Identification and quantification of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in saliva. Steroids. 1982 Jan;39(1):63-71.
pubmed_id:6210977
9:
reference_text:Uzieblo-Zyczkowska B, Sidlo E, Stelmaszuk T: [Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)--slows down the aging process?]. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2005 Dec;19(114):831-4.
pubmed_id:16521435
10:
reference_text:Prost O, Nicollier M, Laurent R, Adessi GL: Estrone- and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfatase activities in human female epidermis. Arch Dermatol Res. 1985;277(3):195-200.
pubmed_id:3160310
11:
reference_text:Friess E, Schiffelholz T, Steckler T, Steiger A: Dehydroepiandrosterone--a neurosteroid. Eur J Clin Invest. 2000 Dec;30 Suppl 3:46-50.
pubmed_id:11281367
12:
reference_text:Hakkinen A, Pakarinen A, Hannonen P, Kautiainen H, Nyman K, Kraemer WJ, Hakkinen K: Effects of prolonged combined strength and endurance training on physical fitness, body composition and serum hormones in women with rheumatoid arthritis and in healthy controls. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005 Jul-Aug;23(4):505-12.
pubmed_id:16095120
13:
reference_text:Shackleton C, Malunowicz E: Apparent pregnene hydroxylation deficiency (APHD): seeking the parentage of an orphan metabolome. Steroids. 2003 Oct;68(9):707-17.
pubmed_id:14625002
14:
reference_text:Kim SB, Hill M, Kwak YT, Hampl R, Jo DH, Morfin R: Neurosteroids: Cerebrospinal fluid levels for Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia diagnostics. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Nov;88(11):5199-206.
pubmed_id:14602750
15:
reference_text:Chalbot S, Morfin R: Human liver S9 fractions: metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone, epiandrosterone, and related 7-hydroxylated derivatives. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Apr;33(4):563-9. Epub 2005 Jan 13.
pubmed_id:15650074
16:
reference_text:Miller KK, Cai J, Ripp SL, Pierce WM Jr, Rushmore TH, Prough RA: Stereo- and regioselectivity account for the diversity of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) metabolites produced by liver microsomal cytochromes P450. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Mar;32(3):305-13.
pubmed_id:14977864
17:
reference_text:Martina V, Benso A, Gigliardi VR, Masha A, Origlia C, Granata R, Ghigo E: Short-term dehydroepiandrosterone treatment increases platelet cGMP production in elderly male subjects. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Mar;64(3):260-4.
pubmed_id:16487434
18:
reference_text:Simons K, Toomre D: Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;1(1):31-9.
pubmed_id:11413487
19:
reference_text:Watson AD: Thematic review series: systems biology approaches to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Lipidomics: a global approach to lipid analysis in biological systems. J Lipid Res. 2006 Oct;47(10):2101-11. Epub 2006 Aug 10.
pubmed_id:16902246
20:
reference_text:Sethi JK, Vidal-Puig AJ: Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. Adipose tissue function and plasticity orchestrate nutritional adaptation. J Lipid Res. 2007 Jun;48(6):1253-62. Epub 2007 Mar 20.
pubmed_id:17374880
21:
reference_text:Lingwood D, Simons K: Lipid rafts as a membrane-organizing principle. Science. 2010 Jan 1;327(5961):46-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1174621.
pubmed_id:20044567
22:
reference_text:The lipid handbook with CD-ROM