版本
5.0
创建日期
2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
更新日期
2020-11-09 23:11:57 UTC
登录号
HMDB0000073
地位
quantified
二级访问
HMDB00073

HMDB0060277

HMDB60277

名称
Dopamine
描述
Dopamine is a member of the catecholamine family of neurotransmitters in the brain and is a precursor to epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Dopamine is synthesized in the body (mainly by nervous tissue and adrenal glands) first by the hydration of the amino acid tyrosine to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase and then by the decarboxylation of DOPA by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (dopamine receptors) mediates its action, which plays a major role in reward-motivated behaviour. Dopamine has many other functions outside the brain. In blood vessels, dopamine inhibits norepinephrine release and acts as a vasodilator (at normal concentrations); in the kidneys, it increases sodium excretion and urine output; in the pancreas, it reduces insulin production; in the digestive system, it reduces gastrointestinal motility and protects intestinal mucosa; and in the immune system, it reduces the activity of lymphocytes. Parkinson's disease, a degenerative condition causing tremor and motor impairment, is caused by a loss of dopamine-secreting neurons in an area of the midbrain called the substantia nigra. There is evidence that schizophrenia involves altered levels of dopamine activity, and most antipsychotic drugs used to treat this are dopamine antagonists, which reduce dopamine activity. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, and addiction are also characterized by defects in dopamine production or metabolism. It has been suggested that animals derived their dopamine-synthesizing machinery from bacteria via horizontal gene transfer that may have occurred relatively late in evolutionary time. This is perhaps a result of the symbiotic incorporation of bacteria into eukaryotic cells that gave rise to mitochondria. Dopamine is elevated in the urine of people who consume bananas. When present in sufficiently high levels, dopamine can be a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin is a compound that disrupts or attacks neural tissue. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of dopamine are associated with neuroblastoma, Costello syndrome, leukemia, phaeochromocytoma, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, and Menkes disease (MNK). High levels of dopamine can lead to hyperactivity, insomnia, agitation and anxiety, depression, delusions, excessive salivation, nausea, and digestive problems. A study has shown that urinary dopamine is produced by Bacillus and Serratia (PMID: 24621061)
同义词
1:2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine

2:3,4-Dihydroxyphenethylamine

3:3-Hydroxytyramine

4:4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol

5:4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol

6:4-(2-Aminoethyl)catechol

7:4-(2-Aminoethyl)pyrocatechol

8:Deoxyepinephrine

9:Dopamina

10:Dopaminum

11:Hydroxytyramin

12:Medopa

13:3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethylamine

14:4-(2-Aminoethyl)-pyrocatechol

15:a-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-b-aminoethane

16:alpha-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-beta-aminoethane

17:Dopamin

18:Dopastat

19:Dophamine

20:Dynatra

21:Hydroxytyramine

22:Intropin

23:Oxytyramine

24:Revivan

25:3,4 Dihydroxyphenethylamine

26:Hydrochloride, dopamine

27:Dopamine hydrochloride

化学式
C8H11NO2
平均分子量
153.1784
等位分子量
153.078978601
化学名称
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol
传统名称
dopamine
CAS 登记号
62-31-7
代谢物结构字符串
NCCC1=CC(O)=C(O)C=C1
inchi标识符
InChI=1S/C8H11NO2/c9-4-3-6-1-2-7(10)8(11)5-6/h1-2,5,10-11H,3-4,9H2
印记键
VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
分类学
description: belongs to the class of organic compounds known as catecholamines and derivatives. Catecholamines and derivatives are compounds containing 4-(2-Aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] or a derivative thereof formed by substitution.

description:Catecholamines and derivatives

kingdom:Organic compounds

super_class:Benzenoids

class:Phenols

sub_class:Benzenediols

molecular_framework:Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds

1:1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids

2:1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoids

3:2-arylethylamines

4:Aralkylamines

5:Hydrocarbon derivatives

6:Monoalkylamines

7:Organooxygen compounds

8:Organopnictogen compounds

9:Phenethylamines

10:1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid

11:1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid

12:2-arylethylamine

13:Amine

14:Aralkylamine

15:Aromatic homomonocyclic compound

16:Catecholamine

17:Hydrocarbon derivative

18:Monocyclic benzene moiety

19:Organic nitrogen compound

20:Organic oxygen compound

21:Organonitrogen compound

22:Organooxygen compound

23:Organopnictogen compound

24:Phenethylamine

25:Primary aliphatic amine

26:Primary amine

27:Biogenic amines

28:Dopamine

29:Tyramine derivatives

30:catecholamine

本体论
term:Physiological effect

definition:The effect on an organism physiology, resulting from its exposure to a chemical.

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Health effect

definition:A health condition or observation associated with a stimuli or with a biological activity of a chemical.

parent_id:7693

*level:2

type:parent

term:Health condition

definition:A health effect that consists on short or long-term disease, condition, disorder, syndrome or constant abnormality.

parent_id:7694

**level:3

type:parent

term:Schizophrenia

definition:A psychotic disorder that is characterized by a disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness. (do).

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:child

term:Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency

definition:An inherited metabolic disorder characterized by reduced production of serotonin and dopamine resulting in hypotonia, hypokinesia, ptosis oculogyric crises, and signs of autonomic dysfunction with onset in infancy or childhood that has material basis in homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the ddc gene on chromosome 7p12. (do).

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Aadc deficiency

term:Vitiligo

definition:A hypersensitivity reaction type ii disease that causes depigmentation of patches of skin resulting from loss of function or death of melanoctyes. (do).

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Leukoderma

term:Endocrine disorders

definition:Any disorder that affects the endocrine system. it can be neoplastic (carcinoid tumor, neuroendocrine carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma) or non-neoplastic (such as diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, and adrenal gland insufficiency).

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:parent

term:Disposition

definition:A concept that describes the origin of a chemical, its location within an organism, or its route of exposure.

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Route of exposure

definition:A mean by which a chemical agent comes in contact with an organism, either under intended or unintended circumstances.

parent_id:7724

*level:2

type:parent

term:Enteral

definition:Chemical exposure via the alimentary canal (mouth to anus).

parent_id:7743

**level:3

type:parent

term:Ingestion

definition:Chemical exposure facilitated by entry through the mouth.

parent_id:7744

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Digestion

term:Source

definition:Natural or synthetic origin of a chemical.

parent_id:7724

*level:2

type:parent

term:Endogenous

definition:

parent_id:7735

**level:3

type:child

term:Food

definition:

parent_id:7735

**level:3

type:child

term:Biological

definition:A living organism (species or a higher taxonomy rank), in which a chemical can be found.

parent_id:7735

**level:3

type:parent

term:Microbe

definition:A living organism that is of a microscopic scale, either single-celled or a cluster of cells.

parent_id:7736

***level:4

type:parent

term:Plant

definition:A living organism belonging to the kingdom plantea. typically, it grows in a permanent site, absorbs water and inorganic substances through its roots, and synthesizes nutrients in its leaves by photosynthesis using the green pigment chlorophyll. examples incude trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses.

parent_id:7736

***level:4

type:parent

synonym:Flora

term:Biological location

definition:The physiological origin within an organism, including anatomical compnents, biofluids and excreta.

parent_id:7724

*level:2

type:parent

term:Organ and components

definition:An anatomical organizational level including multiple tissues or substructures, which enables a common biological function.

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Spleen

definition:An abdominal organ that is part of the hematopoietic and immune systems. it is composed of the white pulp and the red pulp and is surrounded by a capsule. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Bladder

definition:The distensible sac-like organ that functions as a reservoir of urine, collecting from the kidneys and eliminating via the urethra. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Brain

definition:An organ composed of grey and white matter that is the center for intelligence and reasoning. it is protected by the bony cranium. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Testicle

definition:Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Testes

synonym:Testis

term:Kidney

definition:The organs of the urinary tract located in the retroperitoneal cavity adjacent to the spine and composed of the renal cortex and the renal medulla. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Kidneys

term:Pancreas

definition:A digestive organ in the abdomen that has both endocrine and exocrine functions. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Endocrine gland

definition:

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:parent

term:Tissue and substructures

definition:An anatomical organizational level including multiple cells yet not comprising a complete organ .

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Placenta

definition:An organ present in some vertebrates during embryonic gestation that surrounds the fetus and provides it with nutrients and oxygen, facilitates gas and waste exchange between the fetus and mother, and provides parasitic cloaking from the mother's immune system by excretion of neurokinin b. (nci).

parent_id:7729

***level:4

type:child

term:Epidermis

definition:The epithelial portion of the skin (cutis). it consists of the following layers: stratum corneum (horny layer), stratum granulosum (granular layer), stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer), and stratum basale (basal cell layer). (nci).

parent_id:7729

***level:4

type:child

term:Adipose tissue

definition:A specialized form of connective tissue consisting primarily of adipocytes (fat cells), surrounded by a meshwork of collagen fibers. (NCI)

parent_id:7729

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Fat tissue

synonym:Body fat

synonym:Adipose

term:Skeletal muscle

definition:Striated muscles that are under voluntary control of the organism. they are connected at either or both ends to a bone and are utilized for locomotion and other movements. (nci).

parent_id:7729

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Striated muscle

term:Muscle

definition:A fibrous soft tissue with the ability to contract to produce force and motion. (nci).

parent_id:7729

***level:4

type:child

term:Biofluid and excreta

definition:A liquid, semi-solid or solid material originating in the body.

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Feces

definition:The material discharged from the bowel during defecation. It consists of undigested food, intestinal mucus, epithelial cells, and bacteria.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Fecal

synonym:Stool

synonym:Faecal

synonym:Faeces

term:Urine

definition:Excretion in liquid state processed by the kidney.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

term:Blood

definition:A liquid tissue with the primary function of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide (nci). it supplies the tissues with nutrients, removes waste products, and contains various components of the immune system defending the body against infection.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

term:Cerebrospinal fluid

definition:The fluid that is contained within the brain ventricles, the subarachnoid space and the central canal of the spinal cord. (nci).

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Csf

term:Subcellular

definition:An anatomical organizational level including a component within a biological cell .

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Cytoplasm

definition:The portion of the cell contained within the plasma membrane but excluding the nucleus.

parent_id:7730

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Cytoplasma

term:Myelin sheath

definition:A layer of phospholipids and protein found on neuronal axons. this structure acts as an electrical insulator that allows nerve impulses to travel faster by increasing the resistance and decreasing the capacitance over that found in unmyelinated nerve fibers. (nci).

parent_id:7730

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Myelin

term:Cell and elements

definition:An anatomical organizational level comprising of a single cell (or a fragment in some exceptions). a cell is defined by its type or function. it is the smallest unit of living structure capable of independent existence, composed of a membrane-enclosed mass of protoplasm and containing a nucleus or nucleoid.

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Extracellular

definition:The space external to the outermost structure of a cell.

parent_id:7732

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Extracellular region

term:Element

definition:

parent_id:7732

***level:4

type:parent

term:Cell

definition:

parent_id:7732

***level:4

type:parent

term:Process

definition:Biological or chemical events, or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Naturally occurring process

definition:Naturally-occurring molecular events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.

parent_id:7659

*level:2

type:parent

term:Biological process

definition:Biological or chemical events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product within an organism.

parent_id:7660

**level:3

type:parent

term:Biochemical pathway

definition:A linked series of chemical reactions that occur in a defined order within or between organism cells, and lead to a known function or end product.

parent_id:7661

***level:4

type:parent

term:Role

definition:The purpose or function assumed by a chemical, either naturally or as intended by humans .

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Industrial application

definition:The assumed function of a chemical utilized by human.

parent_id:7671

*level:2

type:parent

term:Pharmaceutical industry

definition:A pharmacologic activity for which a chemical substance is utilized owing to its biological role.

parent_id:7678

**level:3

type:parent

term:Pharmaceutical

definition:

parent_id:7679

***level:4

type:child

term:Indirect biological role

definition:An indirect function of a chemical which affect the physiological state of any organism (apart from the source organism, if of biological source).

parent_id:7671

*level:2

type:parent

term:Neurotoxin

definition:A chemical substance that interferes with the normal functioning of the nervous system.

parent_id:7691

**level:3

type:child

synonym:Neurotoxic

synonym:Neurotoxic agent

term:Metabotoxin

definition:An endogenous metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels.

parent_id:7691

**level:3

type:child

状态
Solid
实验性质
1:

kind:water_solubility

value:535 mg/mL

source:

2:

kind:logp

value:-0.98

source:HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)

3:

kind:melting_point

value:128 °C

source:

预测性质
1:

kind:logp

value:-0.40

source:ALOGPS

2:

kind:logs

value:-1.31

source:ALOGPS

3:

kind:solubility

value:7.43 g/L

source:ALOGPS

4:

kind:logp

value:0.03

source:ChemAxon

5:

kind:pka_strongest_acidic

value:10.01

source:ChemAxon

6:

kind:pka_strongest_basic

value:9.27

source:ChemAxon

7:

kind:iupac

value:4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol

source:ChemAxon

8:

kind:average_mass

value:153.1784

source:ChemAxon

9:

kind:mono_mass

value:153.078978601

source:ChemAxon

10:

kind:smiles

value:NCCC1=CC(O)=C(O)C=C1

source:ChemAxon

11:

kind:formula

value:C8H11NO2

source:ChemAxon

12:

kind:inchi

value:InChI=1S/C8H11NO2/c9-4-3-6-1-2-7(10)8(11)5-6/h1-2,5,10-11H,3-4,9H2

source:ChemAxon

13:

kind:inchikey

value:VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N

source:ChemAxon

14:

kind:polar_surface_area

value:66.48

source:ChemAxon

15:

kind:refractivity

value:43.25

source:ChemAxon

16:

kind:polarizability

value:16.21

source:ChemAxon

17:

kind:rotatable_bond_count

value:2

source:ChemAxon

18:

kind:acceptor_count

value:3

source:ChemAxon

19:

kind:donor_count

value:3

source:ChemAxon

20:

kind:physiological_charge

value:1

source:ChemAxon

21:

kind:formal_charge

value:0

source:ChemAxon

22:

kind:number_of_rings

value:1

source:ChemAxon

23:

kind:bioavailability

value:Yes

source:ChemAxon

24:

kind:rule_of_five

value:Yes

source:ChemAxon

25:

kind:ghose_filter

value:No

source:ChemAxon

26:

kind:veber_rule

value:No

source:ChemAxon

27:

kind:mddr_like_rule

value:No

source:ChemAxon

1:

type:Specdb::NmrTwoD

spectrum_id:1128

2:

type:Specdb::EiMs

spectrum_id:230

3:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:120

4:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:121

5:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:122

6:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2777

7:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2778

8:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2779

9:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2780

10:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2781

11:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2782

12:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2783

13:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2784

14:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2785

15:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2786

16:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2787

17:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2788

18:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2789

19:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2790

20:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2791

21:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:240376

22:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:240377

23:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:240378

24:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:242431

25:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:242432

26:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:242433

27:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:436587

28:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:1070

29:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142030

30:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142031

31:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142032

32:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142033

33:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142034

34:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142035

35:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142036

36:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142037

37:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142038

38:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142039

39:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142040

40:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142041

41:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142042

42:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142043

43:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142044

44:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142045

45:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142046

46:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142047

47:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142048

48:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142049

49:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:314

50:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:1775

51:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:5743

52:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:30527

53:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:30983

54:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:37282

55:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:159201

光谱
生物学性质
1:

cellular:(1):Cytoplasm

cellular:(2):Extracellular

2:

biospecimen:(1):Blood

biospecimen:(2):Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

biospecimen:(3):Feces

biospecimen:(4):Urine

3:

tissue:(1):Adipose Tissue

tissue:(2):Adrenal Cortex

tissue:(3):Adrenal Gland

tissue:(4):Adrenal Medulla

tissue:(5):Bladder

tissue:(6):Brain

tissue:(7):Epidermis

tissue:(8):Fibroblasts

tissue:(9):Kidney

tissue:(10):Neuron

tissue:(11):Pancreas

tissue:(12):Placenta

tissue:(13):Platelet

tissue:(14):Skeletal Muscle

tissue:(15):Spleen

tissue:(16):Testis

4:

[1]:

name:3-Methylthiofentanyl Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00679

kegg_map_id:

[2]:

name:Alfentanil Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00413

kegg_map_id:

[3]:

name:Alkaptonuria

smpdb_id:SMP00169

kegg_map_id:

[4]:

name:Alvimopan Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00685

kegg_map_id:

[5]:

name:Anileridine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00674

kegg_map_id:

[6]:

name:Aromatic L-Aminoacid Decarboxylase Deficiency

smpdb_id:SMP00170

kegg_map_id:

[7]:

name:Benzocaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00392

kegg_map_id:

[8]:

name:Bupivacaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00393

kegg_map_id:

[9]:

name:Buprenorphine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00684

kegg_map_id:

[10]:

name:Carfentanil Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00414

kegg_map_id:

[11]:

name:Chloroprocaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00394

kegg_map_id:

[12]:

name:Citalopram Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00424

kegg_map_id:

[13]:

name:Cocaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00395

kegg_map_id:

[14]:

name:Codeine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00405

kegg_map_id:

[15]:

name:Desipramine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00423

kegg_map_id:

[16]:

name:Dezocine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00676

kegg_map_id:

[17]:

name:Dibucaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00396

kegg_map_id:

[18]:

name:Dihydromorphine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00689

kegg_map_id:

[19]:

name:Dimethylthiambutene Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00680

kegg_map_id:

[20]:

name:Diphenoxylate Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00675

kegg_map_id:

[21]:

name:Disulfiram Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00429

kegg_map_id:

[22]:

name:Dopamine Activation of Neurological Reward System

smpdb_id:SMP00308

kegg_map_id:

[23]:

name:Dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency

smpdb_id:SMP00498

kegg_map_id:

[24]:

name:Escitalopram Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00425

kegg_map_id:

[25]:

name:Ethylmorphine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00681

kegg_map_id:

[26]:

name:Fentanyl Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00415

kegg_map_id:

[27]:

name:Fluoxetine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00426

kegg_map_id:

[28]:

name:Hawkinsinuria

smpdb_id:SMP00190

kegg_map_id:

[29]:

name:Heroin Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00407

kegg_map_id:

[30]:

name:Hydrocodone Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00411

kegg_map_id:

[31]:

name:Hydromorphone Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00410

kegg_map_id:

[32]:

name:Imipramine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00422

kegg_map_id:

[33]:

name:Ketobemidone Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00690

kegg_map_id:

[34]:

name:Levallorphan Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00683

kegg_map_id:

[35]:

name:Levobupivacaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00397

kegg_map_id:

[36]:

name:Levomethadyl Acetate Action Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00677

kegg_map_id:

[37]:

name:Levorphanol Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00673

kegg_map_id:

[38]:

name:Lidocaine (Local Anaesthetic) Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00398

kegg_map_id:

[39]:

name:Mepivacaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00399

kegg_map_id:

[40]:

name:Methadone Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00408

kegg_map_id:

[41]:

name:Methadyl Acetate Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00678

kegg_map_id:

[42]:

name:Monoamine oxidase-a deficiency (MAO-A)

smpdb_id:SMP00533

kegg_map_id:

[43]:

name:Morphine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00406

kegg_map_id:

[44]:

name:Nalbuphine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00691

kegg_map_id:

[45]:

name:Naloxone Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00688

kegg_map_id:

[46]:

name:Naltrexone Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00687

kegg_map_id:

[47]:

name:Nicotine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00431

kegg_map_id:

[48]:

name:Oxybuprocaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00400

kegg_map_id:

[49]:

name:Oxycodone Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00409

kegg_map_id:

[50]:

name:Oxymorphone Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00412

kegg_map_id:

[51]:

name:Pentazocine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00686

kegg_map_id:

[52]:

name:Prilocaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00401

kegg_map_id:

[53]:

name:Procaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00402

kegg_map_id:

[54]:

name:Proparacaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00403

kegg_map_id:

[55]:

name:Propoxyphene Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00672

kegg_map_id:

[56]:

name:Remifentanil Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00416

kegg_map_id:

[57]:

name:Ropivacaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00404

kegg_map_id:

[58]:

name:Sufentanil Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00417

kegg_map_id:

[59]:

name:Tramadol Action Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00671

kegg_map_id:

[60]:

name:Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency

smpdb_id:SMP00497

kegg_map_id:

[61]:

name:Tyrosine metabolism

smpdb_id:

kegg_map_id:map00350

[62]:

name:Tyrosine metabolism

smpdb_id:

kegg_map_id:map00350

[63]:

name:Tyrosinemia Type I

smpdb_id:SMP00218

kegg_map_id:

[64]:

name:Tyrosinemia, transient, of the newborn

smpdb_id:SMP00494

kegg_map_id:

正常浓度
1:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

2:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:< 0.00013

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

3:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:0.00000-0.00013

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

4:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.002+/-0.002

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

5:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.0059 +/- 0.002

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Elderly (>65 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

6:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.0045 +/- 0.0026

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

7:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Not Specified

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

8:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.5024 +/- 0.2337

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

9:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.107 (0.043-0.172)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

10:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.84

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

11:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.22 +/- 0.07

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

12:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.44 +/- 0.13

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adolescent (13-18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

13:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.86 (0.179-1.541)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

14:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:2.626 (0.030-5.221)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

15:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.102 (0.0673-0.163)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Not Specified

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

16:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

17:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.4 (0.2-0.7)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

18:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.13-2.63

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

19:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:1.31 +/- 0.76

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

20:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:1.1 +/- 0.7

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

21:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.200-5.220

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

22:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

23:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.261-1.697

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adolescent (13-18 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

24:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.10 (0.066-0.16)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

异常浓度
1:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:>0.000650

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase Deficiency

2:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:18.0284 +/- 2.4552

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Elderly (>65 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Alzheimer's disease

3:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.000268 +/- 0.000124

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Cerebral infarction, headache, paresthesia and ununconfirmed suspicion of leucemic infaction or brain metastasis with normal CSF value

4:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.000300

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Cerebral infarction, headache, paresthesia and ununconfirmed suspicion of leucemic infaction or brain metastasis with normal CSF value but renal insufficiency

5:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.000392

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Haemorrhagic infarction

6:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.000510

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Bacterial meningitis

7:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.000810

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Leucemic meningiosa

8:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.000287

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Encephalitis

9:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.34 +/- 0.10

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Alzheimer's disease

10:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.00002 +/- 0.000006

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Hypothyroidism

11:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.000021 (0.000015-0.000027)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Hypothyroidism

12:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.000078 (0.0000065-0.00015)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Alzheimer's disease

13:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.5565 +/- 0.3993

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Eosinophilic esophagitis

14:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.6381 +/- 0.2948

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Gastroesophageal reflux disease

15:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.49 +/- 0.06

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Vitiligo

16:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.37 +/- 0.03

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Vitiligo

17:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.4 +/- 0.05

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Vitiligo

18:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:2426 +/- 0

concentration_units:nmol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency

19:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:3.119 +/- 0

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency

20:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Schizophrenia

21:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.124

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adolescent (13-18 years old)

patient_sex:Female

patient_information:Dopamine-serotonin Vesicular Transport Defect

22:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:2.7

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)

patient_sex:Female

patient_information:Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency

23:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:3.91

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

patient_sex:Female

patient_information:Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency

疾病参考
1:

name:Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase Deficiency

omim_id:223360

[1]:

reference_text:GeneReviews: Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase Deficiency: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1474/

2:

name:Hypothyroidism

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Sjoberg S, Eriksson M, Nordin C: L-thyroxine treatment and neurotransmitter levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of hypothyroid patients: a pilot study. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Nov;139(5):493-7.

pubmed_id:9849813

[2]:

reference_text:Verhelst J, Berwaerts J, Marescau B, Abs R, Neels H, Mahler C, De Deyn PP: Serum creatine, creatinine, and other guanidino compounds in patients with thyroid dysfunction. Metabolism. 1997 Sep;46(9):1063-7.

pubmed_id:9284897

[3]:

reference_text:Chopra IJ, Santini F, Hurd RE, Chua Teco GN: A radioimmunoassay for measurement of thyroxine sulfate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 Jan;76(1):145-50.

pubmed_id:8421080

[4]:

reference_text:Hommel E, Faber J, Kirkegaard C, Siersbaek-Nielsen K, Friis T: Urinary excretion of unconjugated and conjugated 3,5-diiodothyronine. Horm Metab Res. 1985 Feb;17(2):90-2.

pubmed_id:3988241

[5]:

reference_text:Yoshida K, Sakurada T, Kaise N, Yamamoto M, Kaise K, Saito S, Yoshinaga K: Measurement of triiodothyronine in urine. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1980 Dec;132(4):389-95.

pubmed_id:7256725

3:

name:Alzheimer's disease

omim_id:104300

[1]:

reference_text:Fonteh AN, Harrington RJ, Tsai A, Liao P, Harrington MG: Free amino acid and dipeptide changes in the body fluids from Alzheimer's disease subjects. Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):213-24. Epub 2006 Oct 10.

pubmed_id:17031479

[2]:

reference_text:Selley ML, Close DR, Stern SE: The effect of increased concentrations of homocysteine on the concentration of (E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2002 May-Jun;23(3):383-8.

pubmed_id:11959400

[3]:

reference_text:Shetty HU, Holloway HW, Schapiro MB: Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma distribution of myo-inositol and other polyols in Alzheimer disease. Clin Chem. 1996 Feb;42(2):298-302.

pubmed_id:8595727

[4]:

reference_text:Jia JP, Jia JM, Zhou WD, Xu M, Chu CB, Yan X, Sun YX: Differential acetylcholine and choline concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Chin Med J (Engl). 2004 Aug;117(8):1161-4.

pubmed_id:15361288

[5]:

reference_text:Redjems-Bennani N, Jeandel C, Lefebvre E, Blain H, Vidailhet M, Gueant JL: Abnormal substrate levels that depend upon mitochondrial function in cerebrospinal fluid from Alzheimer patients. Gerontology. 1998;44(5):300-4.

pubmed_id:9693263

[6]:

reference_text:Walter A, Korth U, Hilgert M, Hartmann J, Weichel O, Hilgert M, Fassbender K, Schmitt A, Klein J: Glycerophosphocholine is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer patients. Neurobiol Aging. 2004 Nov-Dec;25(10):1299-303.

pubmed_id:15465626

[7]:

reference_text:Leoni V, Masterman T, Mousavi FS, Wretlind B, Wahlund LO, Diczfalusy U, Hillert J, Bjorkhem I: Diagnostic use of cerebral and extracerebral oxysterols. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2004 Feb;42(2):186-91.

pubmed_id:15061359

[8]:

reference_text:Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Holmes C, Goldstein DS: Patterns of cerebrospinal fluid catechols support increased central noradrenergic responsiveness in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Sep 15;46(6):756-65.

pubmed_id:10494443

[9]:

reference_text:Lovell MA, Markesbery WR: Ratio of 8-hydroxyguanine in intact DNA to free 8-hydroxyguanine is increased in Alzheimer disease ventricular cerebrospinal fluid. Arch Neurol. 2001 Mar;58(3):392-6.

pubmed_id:11255442

[10]:

reference_text:Bar KJ, Franke S, Wenda B, Muller S, Kientsch-Engel R, Stein G, Sauer H: Pentosidine and N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)-lysine in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Neurobiol Aging. 2003 Mar-Apr;24(2):333-8.

pubmed_id:12498967

[11]:

reference_text:Serot JM, Barbe F, Arning E, Bottiglieri T, Franck P, Montagne P, Nicolas JP: Homocysteine and methylmalonic acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid: relation with age and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005 Nov;76(11):1585-7.

pubmed_id:16227558

[12]:

reference_text:Molina JA, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Aguilar MV, Meseguer I, Mateos-Vega CJ, Gonzalez-Munoz MJ, de Bustos F, Porta J, Orti-Pareja M, Zurdo M, Barrios E, Martinez-Para MC: Cerebrospinal fluid levels of transition metals in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 1998;105(4-5):479-88.

pubmed_id:9720975

[13]:

reference_text:Molina JA, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Hernanz A, Fernandez-Vivancos E, Medina S, de Bustos F, Gomez-Escalonilla C, Sayed Y: Cerebrospinal fluid levels of thiamine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2002 Jul;109(7-8):1035-44.

pubmed_id:12111441

[14]:

reference_text:Bocca B, Forte G, Petrucci F, Pino A, Marchione F, Bomboi G, Senofonte O, Giubilei F, Alimonti A: Monitoring of chemical elements and oxidative damage in patients affected by Alzheimer's disease. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):197-203.

pubmed_id:16244393

[15]:

reference_text:Kristensen MO, Gulmann NC, Christensen JE, Ostergaard K, Rasmussen K: Serum cobalamin and methylmalonic acid in Alzheimer dementia. Acta Neurol Scand. 1993 Jun;87(6):475-81.

pubmed_id:8356878

[16]:

reference_text:Abe T, Tohgi H, Isobe C, Murata T, Sato C: Remarkable increase in the concentration of 8-hydroxyguanosine in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res. 2002 Nov 1;70(3):447-50.

pubmed_id:12391605

[17]:

reference_text:Reichman ME, Judd JT, Longcope C, Schatzkin A, Clevidence BA, Nair PP, Campbell WS, Taylor PR: Effects of alcohol consumption on plasma and urinary hormone concentrations in premenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993 May 5;85(9):722-7.

pubmed_id:8478958

[18]:

reference_text:Hozumi I, Hasegawa T, Honda A, Ozawa K, Hayashi Y, Hashimoto K, Yamada M, Koumura A, Sakurai T, Kimura A, Tanaka Y, Satoh M, Inuzuka T: Patterns of levels of biological metals in CSF differ among neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurol Sci. 2011 Apr 15;303(1-2):95-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.01.003. Epub 2011 Feb 2.

pubmed_id:21292280

[19]:

reference_text:Motawaj M, Peoc'h K, Callebert J, Arrang JM: CSF levels of the histamine metabolite tele-methylhistamine are only slightly decreased in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;22(3):861-71. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2010-100381.

pubmed_id:20858978

[20]:

reference_text:Smach MA, Jacob N, Golmard JL, Charfeddine B, Lammouchi T, Ben Othman L, Dridi H, Bennamou S, Limem K: Folate and homocysteine in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease or dementia: a case control study. Eur Neurol. 2011;65(5):270-8. doi: 10.1159/000326301. Epub 2011 Apr 8.

pubmed_id:21474939

[21]:

reference_text:Linnebank M, Popp J, Smulders Y, Smith D, Semmler A, Farkas M, Kulic L, Cvetanovska G, Blom H, Stoffel-Wagner B, Kolsch H, Weller M, Jessen F: S-adenosylmethionine is decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurodegener Dis. 2010;7(6):373-8. doi: 10.1159/000309657. Epub 2010 Jun 3.

pubmed_id:20523031

[22]:

reference_text:Rosler N, Wichart I, Jellinger KA: Clinical significance of neurobiochemical profiles in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease patients. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2001;108(2):231-46.

pubmed_id:11314776

[23]:

reference_text:Sunderland T, Berrettini WH, Molchan SE, Lawlor BA, Martinez RA, Vitiello B, Tariot PN, Cohen RM: Reduced cerebrospinal fluid dynorphin A1-8 in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry. 1991 Jul 1;30(1):81-7.

pubmed_id:1716470

[24]:

reference_text:Tsuruoka M, Hara J, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Shankle WR, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis of serum and saliva from neurodegenerative dementia patients. Electrophoresis. 2013 Oct;34(19):2865-72. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300019. Epub 2013 Sep 6.

pubmed_id:23857558

4:

name:Cerebral infarction

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Hayashi K, Kidouchi K, Sumi S, Mizokami M, Orito E, Kumada K, Ueda R, Wada Y: Possible prediction of adverse reactions to pyrimidine chemotherapy from urinary pyrimidine levels and a case of asymptomatic adult dihydropyrimidinuria. Clin Cancer Res. 1996 Dec;2(12):1937-41.

pubmed_id:9816152

[2]:

reference_text:Fagan SC, Castellani D, Gengo FM: Prostanoid concentrations in human CSF following acute ischaemic brain infarction. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1986 Aug;13(8):629-32.

pubmed_id:3791712

[3]:

reference_text:Ratge D, Bauersfeld W, Wisser H: The relationship of free and conjugated catecholamines in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in cerebral and meningeal disease. J Neural Transm. 1985;62(3-4):267-84.

pubmed_id:4031843

5:

name:Bacterial meningitis

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Peng F, Zhang B, Zhong X, Li J, Xu G, Hu X, Qiu W, Pei Z: Serum uric acid levels of patients with multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases. Mult Scler. 2008 Mar;14(2):188-96. Epub 2007 Oct 17.

pubmed_id:17942520

[2]:

reference_text:Ratge D, Bauersfeld W, Wisser H: The relationship of free and conjugated catecholamines in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in cerebral and meningeal disease. J Neural Transm. 1985;62(3-4):267-84.

pubmed_id:4031843

6:

name:Encephalitis

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Kalita J, Kumar S, Vijaykumar K, Palit G, Misra UK: A study of CSF catecholamine and its metabolites in acute and convalescent period of encephalitis. J Neurol Sci. 2007 Jan 15;252(1):62-6. Epub 2006 Nov 28.

pubmed_id:17134724

[2]:

reference_text:Ratge D, Bauersfeld W, Wisser H: The relationship of free and conjugated catecholamines in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in cerebral and meningeal disease. J Neural Transm. 1985;62(3-4):267-84.

pubmed_id:4031843

7:

name:Vitiligo

omim_id:193200

[1]:

reference_text:Cucchi ML, Frattini P, Santagostino G, Preda S, Orecchia G: Catecholamines increase in the urine of non-segmental vitiligo especially during its active phase. Pigment Cell Res. 2003 Apr;16(2):111-6.

pubmed_id:12622787

8:

name:Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency

omim_id:608643

[1]:

reference_text:Abdenur JE, Abeling N, Specola N, Jorge L, Schenone AB, van Cruchten AC, Chamoles NA: Aromatic l-aminoacid decarboxylase deficiency: unusual neonatal presentation and additional findings in organic acid analysis. Mol Genet Metab. 2006 Jan;87(1):48-53. Epub 2005 Nov 9.

pubmed_id:16288991

[2]:

reference_text:Hyland K, Clayton PT: Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: diagnostic methodology. Clin Chem. 1992 Dec;38(12):2405-10.

pubmed_id:1281049

[3]:

reference_text:Abeling NG, van Gennip AH, Barth PG, van Cruchten A, Westra M, Wijburg FA: Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: a new case with a mild clinical presentation and unexpected laboratory findings. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1998 Jun;21(3):240-2.

pubmed_id:9686366

9:

name:Eosinophilic esophagitis

omim_id:610247

[1]:

reference_text:Mordechai, Hien, and David S. Wishart

pubmed_id:

10:

name:Schizophrenia

omim_id:181500

[1]:

reference_text:Harnryd C, Bjerkenstedt L, Grimm VE, Sedvall G: Reduction of MOPEG levels in cerebrospinal fluid of psychotic women after electroconvulsive treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1979 Aug 8;64(2):131-4.

pubmed_id:115032

[2]:

reference_text:Kobayashi K, Koide Y, Yoshino K, Shohmori T: [P-hydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid]. No To Shinkei. 1982 Aug;34(8):769-74.

pubmed_id:7126379

[3]:

reference_text:Alfredsson G, Wiesel FA: Monoamine metabolites and amino acids in serum from schizophrenic patients before and during sulpiride treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1989;99(3):322-7.

pubmed_id:2480613

[4]:

reference_text:Heresco-Levy U, Bar G, Levin R, Ermilov M, Ebstein RP, Javitt DC: High glycine levels are associated with prepulse inhibition deficits in chronic schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res. 2007 Mar;91(1-3):14-21. Epub 2007 Feb 2.

pubmed_id:17276036

[5]:

reference_text:Walker EF, Bonsall R, Walder DJ: Plasma hormones and catecholamine metabolites in monozygotic twins discordant for psychosis. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 2002 Mar;15(1):10-7.

pubmed_id:11877547

[6]:

reference_text:Hashimoto K, Fukushima T, Shimizu E, Komatsu N, Watanabe H, Shinoda N, Nakazato M, Kumakiri C, Okada S, Hasegawa H, Imai K, Iyo M: Decreased serum levels of D-serine in patients with schizophrenia: evidence in support of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Jun;60(6):572-6.

pubmed_id:12796220

[7]:

reference_text:Do KQ, Lauer CJ, Schreiber W, Zollinger M, Gutteck-Amsler U, Cuenod M, Holsboer F: gamma-Glutamylglutamine and taurine concentrations are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug-naive patients with schizophrenic disorders. J Neurochem. 1995 Dec;65(6):2652-62.

pubmed_id:7595563

[8]:

reference_text:Nikisch G, Baumann P, Wiedemann G, Kiessling B, Weisser H, Hertel A, Yoshitake T, Kehr J, Mathe AA: Quetiapine and norquetiapine in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenic patients treated with quetiapine: correlations to clinical outcome and HVA, 5-HIAA, and MHPG in CSF. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010 Oct;30(5):496-503. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181f2288e.

pubmed_id:20814316

[9]:

reference_text:Fukushima T, Iizuka H, Yokota A, Suzuki T, Ohno C, Kono Y, Nishikiori M, Seki A, Ichiba H, Watanabe Y, Hongo S, Utsunomiya M, Nakatani M, Sadamoto K, Yoshio T: Quantitative analyses of schizophrenia-associated metabolites in serum: serum D-lactate levels are negatively correlated with gamma-glutamylcysteine in medicated schizophrenia patients. PLoS One. 2014 Jul 8;9(7):e101652. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101652. eCollection 2014.

pubmed_id:25004141

[10]:

reference_text:Koike S, Bundo M, Iwamoto K, Suga M, Kuwabara H, Ohashi Y, Shinoda K, Takano Y, Iwashiro N, Satomura Y, Nagai T, Natsubori T, Tada M, Yamasue H, Kasai K: A snapshot of plasma metabolites in first-episode schizophrenia: a capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry study. Transl Psychiatry. 2014 Apr 8;4:e379. doi: 10.1038/tp.2014.19.

pubmed_id:24713860

[11]:

reference_text:Ballesteros A, Summerfelt A, Du X, Jiang P, Chiappelli J, Tagamets M, O'Donnell P, Kochunov P, Hong LE: Electrophysiological intermediate biomarkers for oxidative stress in schizophrenia. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013 Nov;124(11):2209-15. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.05.021. Epub 2013 Jun 30.

pubmed_id:23823132

[12]:

reference_text:Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Hagenfeldt L, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Plasma amino acids in relation to cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in schizophrenic patients and healthy controls. Br J Psychiatry. 1985 Sep;147:276-82.

pubmed_id:2415198

[13]:

reference_text:Pickar D, Breier A, Hsiao JK, Doran AR, Wolkowitz OM, Pato CN, Konicki PE, Potter WZ: Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma monoamine metabolites and their relation to psychosis. Implications for regional brain dysfunction in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990 Jul;47(7):641-8.

pubmed_id:1694425

[14]:

reference_text:Prell GD, Green JP, Kaufmann CA, Khandelwal JK, Morrishow AM, Kirch DG, Linnoila M, Wyatt RJ: Histamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with chronic schizophrenia: their relationships to levels of other aminergic transmitters and ratings of symptoms. Schizophr Res. 1995 Jan;14(2):93-104.

pubmed_id:7711000

[15]:

reference_text:Kim YK, Myint AM, Verkerk R, Scharpe S, Steinbusch H, Leonard B: Cytokine changes and tryptophan metabolites in medication-naive and medication-free schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychobiology. 2009;59(2):123-9. doi: 10.1159/000213565. Epub 2009 Apr 22.

pubmed_id:19390223

[16]:

reference_text:Yang J, Chen T, Sun L, Zhao Z, Qi X, Zhou K, Cao Y, Wang X, Qiu Y, Su M, Zhao A, Wang P, Yang P, Wu J, Feng G, He L, Jia W, Wan C: Potential metabolite markers of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2013 Jan;18(1):67-78. doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.131. Epub 2011 Oct 25.

pubmed_id:22024767

[17]:

reference_text:Xuan J, Pan G, Qiu Y, Yang L, Su M, Liu Y, Chen J, Feng G, Fang Y, Jia W, Xing Q, He L: Metabolomic profiling to identify potential serum biomarkers for schizophrenia and risperidone action. J Proteome Res. 2011 Dec 2;10(12):5433-43. doi: 10.1021/pr2006796. Epub 2011 Nov 8.

pubmed_id:22007635

[18]:

reference_text:Schwarz E, Guest PC, Rahmoune H, Harris LW, Wang L, Leweke FM, Rothermundt M, Bogerts B, Koethe D, Kranaster L, Ohrmann P, Suslow T, McAllister G, Spain M, Barnes A, van Beveren NJ, Baron-Cohen S, Steiner J, Torrey FE, Yolken RH, Bahn S: Identification of a biological signature for schizophrenia in serum. Mol Psychiatry. 2012 May;17(5):494-502. doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.42. Epub 2011 Apr 12.

pubmed_id:21483431

[19]:

reference_text:Mathe AA, Eberhard G, Saaf J, Wetterberg L: Plasma prostaglandin E2 metabolite--measured as 11-deoxy-15-keto-13,14-dihydro-11 beta,16 xi-cyclo-PGE2--in twins with schizophrenic disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1986 Sep;21(11):1024-30.

pubmed_id:3741918

[20]:

reference_text:Kuloglu M, Ustundag B, Atmaca M, Canatan H, Tezcan AE, Cinkilinc N: Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme levels in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Cell Biochem Funct. 2002 Jun;20(2):171-5.

pubmed_id:11979513

[21]:

reference_text:Zumarraga M, Davila R, Basterreche N, Arrue A, Goienetxea B, Zamalloa MI, Erkoreka L, Bustamante S, Inchausti L, Gonzalez-Torres MA, Guimon J: Catechol O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase A genotypes, and plasma catecholamine metabolites in bipolar and schizophrenic patients. Neurochem Int. 2010 May-Jun;56(6-7):774-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.02.015. Epub 2010 Mar 4.

pubmed_id:20206656

[22]:

reference_text:Peters JG: Dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin spinal fluid metabolites in temporal lobe epileptic patients with schizophrenic symptomatology. Eur Neurol. 1979;18(1):15-8.

pubmed_id:436860

[23]:

reference_text:Yao JK, Dougherty GG Jr, Reddy RD, Keshavan MS, Montrose DM, Matson WR, Rozen S, Krishnan RR, McEvoy J, Kaddurah-Daouk R: Altered interactions of tryptophan metabolites in first-episode neuroleptic-naive patients with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2010 Sep;15(9):938-53. doi: 10.1038/mp.2009.33. Epub 2009 Apr 28.

pubmed_id:19401681

[24]:

reference_text:Gattaz WF, Waldmeier P, Beckmann H: CSF monoamine metabolites in schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1982 Nov;66(5):350-60.

pubmed_id:6184954

[25]:

reference_text:Nilsson-Todd LK, Nordin C, Jonsson EG, Skogh E, Erhardt S: Cerebrospinal fluid kynurenic acid in male patients with schizophrenia - correlation with monoamine metabolites. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2007 Feb;19(1):45-52. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2006.00170.x.

pubmed_id:26952797

[26]:

reference_text:Cai HL, Li HD, Yan XZ, Sun B, Zhang Q, Yan M, Zhang WY, Jiang P, Zhu RH, Liu YP, Fang PF, Xu P, Yuan HY, Zhang XH, Hu L, Yang W, Ye HS: Metabolomic analysis of biochemical changes in the plasma and urine of first-episode neuroleptic-naive schizophrenia patients after treatment with risperidone. J Proteome Res. 2012 Aug 3;11(8):4338-50. doi: 10.1021/pr300459d. Epub 2012 Jul 26.

pubmed_id:22800120

[27]:

reference_text:Al Awam K, Haussleiter IS, Dudley E, Donev R, Brune M, Juckel G, Thome J: Multiplatform metabolome and proteome profiling identifies serum metabolite and protein signatures as prospective biomarkers for schizophrenia. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2015 Aug;122 Suppl 1:S111-22. doi: 10.1007/s00702-014-1224-0. Epub 2014 May 1.

pubmed_id:24789758

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reference_text:Bicikova M, Hill M, Ripova D, Mohr P, Hampl R: Determination of steroid metabolome as a possible tool for laboratory diagnosis of schizophrenia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2013 Jan;133:77-83. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.08.009. Epub 2012 Aug 24.

pubmed_id:22944140

[29]:

reference_text:He Y, Yu Z, Giegling I, Xie L, Hartmann AM, Prehn C, Adamski J, Kahn R, Li Y, Illig T, Wang-Sattler R, Rujescu D: Schizophrenia shows a unique metabolomics signature in plasma. Transl Psychiatry. 2012 Aug 14;2:e149. doi: 10.1038/tp.2012.76.

pubmed_id:22892715

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reference_text:Kaddurah-Daouk R, McEvoy J, Baillie RA, Lee D, Yao JK, Doraiswamy PM, Krishnan KR: Metabolomic mapping of atypical antipsychotic effects in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2007 Oct;12(10):934-45. Epub 2007 Apr 17.

pubmed_id:17440431

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reference_text:Fryar-Williams S, Strobel JE: Biomarkers of a five-domain translational substrate for schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychosis. Biomark Res. 2015 Feb 6;3:3. doi: 10.1186/s40364-015-0028-1. eCollection 2015.

pubmed_id:25729574

[32]:

reference_text:Oresic M, Seppanen-Laakso T, Sun D, Tang J, Therman S, Viehman R, Mustonen U, van Erp TG, Hyotylainen T, Thompson P, Toga AW, Huttunen MO, Suvisaari J, Kaprio J, Lonnqvist J, Cannon TD: Phospholipids and insulin resistance in psychosis: a lipidomics study of twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia. Genome Med. 2012 Jan 18;4(1):1. doi: 10.1186/gm300.

pubmed_id:22257447

11:

name:Dopamine-serotonin Vesicular Transport Defect

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Rilstone JJ, Alkhater RA, Minassian BA: Brain dopamine-serotonin vesicular transport disease and its treatment. N Engl J Med. 2013 Feb 7;368(6):543-50. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1207281. Epub 2013 Jan 30.

pubmed_id:23363473

KEGG数据库编号
C03758
DrugBank数据库编号
DB00988
foodb数据库编号
FDB012163
ChemSpider数据库编号
661
公共化学化合物编号
681
PDB数据库编号
生物利益的化学实体数据库编号
18243
knapsack数据库编号
C00001408
维基百科编号
Dopamine
代谢途径的数据库编号
DOPAMINE
苯酚资源管理器化合物数据库编号
比格数据库编号
42467
梅林编号
64
虚拟机身份证编号
DOPA
fbonto数据库编号
综合参考
Klaus Schoellkopf, Rudolf Albrecht, Manfred Lehmann, Gertrud Schroeder, "Novel dopamine derivatives, processes for their preparation, and their use as medicinal agents." U.S. Patent US4958026, issued February, 1972.
一般参考
1:

protein_accession:HMDBP00087

name:Tyrosinase

uniprot_id:P14679

gene_name:TYR

protein_type:Unknown

2:

protein_accession:HMDBP00161

name:Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B

uniprot_id:P27338

gene_name:MAOB

protein_type:Unknown

3:

protein_accession:HMDBP00169

name:Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A

uniprot_id:P21397

gene_name:MAOA

protein_type:Unknown

4:

protein_accession:HMDBP00253

name:Dopamine beta-hydroxylase

uniprot_id:P09172

gene_name:DBH

protein_type:Unknown

5:

protein_accession:HMDBP00272

name:Catechol O-methyltransferase

uniprot_id:P21964

gene_name:COMT

protein_type:Unknown

6:

protein_accession:HMDBP00278

name:Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase

uniprot_id:P20711

gene_name:DDC

protein_type:Enzyme

7:

protein_accession:HMDBP00390

name:Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]

uniprot_id:P19801

gene_name:ABP1

protein_type:Unknown

8:

protein_accession:HMDBP00393

name:Membrane primary amine oxidase

uniprot_id:Q16853

gene_name:AOC3

protein_type:Unknown

9:

protein_accession:HMDBP00394

name:Retina-specific copper amine oxidase

uniprot_id:O75106

gene_name:AOC2

protein_type:Unknown

10:

protein_accession:HMDBP01036

name:Cytochrome P450 2C9

uniprot_id:P11712

gene_name:CYP2C9

protein_type:Unknown

11:

protein_accession:HMDBP01038

name:Cytochrome P450 2C19

uniprot_id:P33261

gene_name:CYP2C19

protein_type:Unknown

12:

protein_accession:HMDBP01548

name:Cytochrome P450 2D6

uniprot_id:P10635

gene_name:CYP2D6

protein_type:Unknown

13:

protein_accession:HMDBP01560

name:Cytochrome P450 1A2

uniprot_id:P05177

gene_name:CYP1A2

protein_type:Unknown

14:

protein_accession:HMDBP01612

name:Solute carrier family 22 member 5

uniprot_id:O76082

gene_name:SLC22A5

protein_type:Transporter

15:

protein_accession:HMDBP01737

name:D(2) dopamine receptor

uniprot_id:P14416

gene_name:DRD2

protein_type:Enzyme

16:

protein_accession:HMDBP02531

name:D(4) dopamine receptor

uniprot_id:P21917

gene_name:DRD4

protein_type:Enzyme

17:

protein_accession:HMDBP02547

name:Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter

uniprot_id:Q01959

gene_name:SLC6A3

protein_type:Unknown

18:

protein_accession:HMDBP02574

name:Solute carrier family 22 member 1

uniprot_id:O15245

gene_name:SLC22A1

protein_type:Transporter

19:

protein_accession:HMDBP04308

name:Solute carrier family 22 member 2

uniprot_id:O15244

gene_name:SLC22A2

protein_type:Transporter

20:

protein_accession:HMDBP04309

name:Solute carrier family 22 member 3

uniprot_id:O75751

gene_name:SLC22A3

protein_type:Transporter

21:

protein_accession:HMDBP07536

name:Neuron-specific vesicular protein calcyon

uniprot_id:Q9NYX4

gene_name:CALY

protein_type:Unknown

22:

protein_accession:HMDBP07553

name:Calcium-dependent secretion activator 1

uniprot_id:Q9ULU8

gene_name:CADPS

protein_type:Unknown

23:

protein_accession:HMDBP07554

name:Calcium-dependent secretion activator 2

uniprot_id:Q86UW7

gene_name:CADPS2

protein_type:Unknown

24:

protein_accession:HMDBP10806

name:D(3) dopamine receptor

uniprot_id:P35462

gene_name:DRD3

protein_type:Unknown

25:

protein_accession:HMDBP10808

name:D(1A) dopamine receptor

uniprot_id:P21728

gene_name:DRD1

protein_type:Unknown

26:

protein_accession:HMDBP10826

name:D(1B) dopamine receptor

uniprot_id:P21918

gene_name:DRD5

protein_type:Unknown

27:

protein_accession:HMDBP10827

name:Dopamine D4 receptor

uniprot_id:Q99586

gene_name:dopamine D4 receptor

protein_type:Unknown

28:

protein_accession:HMDBP10828

name:Dopamine D4 receptor

uniprot_id:Q99587

gene_name:dopamine D4 receptor

protein_type:Unknown

蛋白质结合
1:

reference_text:Raw I, Schmidt BJ, Merzel J: Catecholamines and congenital pain insensitivity. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1984;17(3-4):271-9.

pubmed_id:6085021

2:

reference_text:Goldstein DS, Eisenhofer G, Kopin IJ: Sources and significance of plasma levels of catechols and their metabolites in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Jun;305(3):800-11. Epub 2003 Mar 20.

pubmed_id:12649306

3:

reference_text:Engelborghs S, Marescau B, De Deyn PP: Amino acids and biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res. 2003 Aug;28(8):1145-50.

pubmed_id:12834252

4:

reference_text:Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Holmes C, Goldstein DS: Patterns of cerebrospinal fluid catechols support increased central noradrenergic responsiveness in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Sep 15;46(6):756-65.

pubmed_id:10494443

5:

reference_text:Mannelli M, Ianni L, Lazzeri C, Castellani W, Pupilli C, La Villa G, Barletta G, Serio M, Franchi F: In vivo evidence that endogenous dopamine modulates sympathetic activity in man. Hypertension. 1999 Sep;34(3):398-402.

pubmed_id:10489384

6:

reference_text:Jiang H, Betancourt L, Smith RG: Ghrelin amplifies dopamine signaling by cross talk involving formation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor/dopamine receptor subtype 1 heterodimers. Mol Endocrinol. 2006 Aug;20(8):1772-85. Epub 2006 Apr 6.

pubmed_id:16601073

7:

reference_text:Brody AL, Mandelkern MA, Olmstead RE, Scheibal D, Hahn E, Shiraga S, Zamora-Paja E, Farahi J, Saxena S, London ED, McCracken JT: Gene variants of brain dopamine pathways and smoking-induced dopamine release in the ventral caudate/nucleus accumbens. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;63(7):808-16.

pubmed_id:16818870

8:

reference_text:Bauman A: Unilateral adrenal catecholamine excess. Pheochromocytoma or possible sporadic medullary hyperplasia. Arch Intern Med. 1982 Feb;142(2):377-8.

pubmed_id:7059264

9:

reference_text:King BM: The rise, fall, and resurrection of the ventromedial hypothalamus in the regulation of feeding behavior and body weight. Physiol Behav. 2006 Feb 28;87(2):221-44. Epub 2006 Jan 18.

pubmed_id:16412483

10:

reference_text:Cucchi ML, Frattini P, Santagostino G, Preda S, Orecchia G: Catecholamines increase in the urine of non-segmental vitiligo especially during its active phase. Pigment Cell Res. 2003 Apr;16(2):111-6.

pubmed_id:12622787

11:

reference_text:Sjoberg S, Eriksson M, Nordin C: L-thyroxine treatment and neurotransmitter levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of hypothyroid patients: a pilot study. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Nov;139(5):493-7.

pubmed_id:9849813

12:

reference_text:Kobayashi K, Yasuhara T, Agari T, Muraoka K, Kameda M, Ji Yuan W, Hayase H, Matsui T, Miyoshi Y, Shingo T, Date I: Control of dopamine-secretion by Tet-Off system in an in vivo model of parkinsonian rat. Brain Res. 2006 Aug 2;1102(1):1-11. Epub 2006 Jun 27.

pubmed_id:16806124

13:

reference_text:Schenarts PJ, Sagraves SG, Bard MR, Toschlog EA, Goettler CE, Newell MA, Rotondo MF: Low-dose dopamine: a physiologically based review. Curr Surg. 2006 May-Jun;63(3):219-25.

pubmed_id:16757377

14:

reference_text:Piazza O, Zito G, Valente A, Tufano R: Effects of dopamine infusion on forearm blood flow in critical patients. Med Sci Monit. 2006 Feb;12(2):CR90-3. Epub 2006 Jan 26.

pubmed_id:16449954

15:

reference_text:Wang HY, Xiao Y, Han J, Chang XS: Simultaneous determination of dopamine and carvedilol in human serum and urine by first-order derivative fluorometry. Anal Sci. 2005 Nov;21(11):1281-5.

pubmed_id:16317894

16:

reference_text:Elchisak MA, Carlson JH: Assay of free and conjugated catecholamines by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr. 1982 Dec 10;233:79-88.

pubmed_id:7161364

17:

reference_text:Eklundh T, Eriksson M, Sjoberg S, Nordin C: Monoamine precursors, transmitters and metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid: a prospective study in healthy male subjects. J Psychiatr Res. 1996 May-Jun;30(3):201-8.

pubmed_id:8884658

18:

reference_text:Kopieniak M, Wieczorkiewicz-Plaza A, Maciejewski R: Dopamine activity changes in cerebral cortex in the course of experimental acute pancreatitis. Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska Med. 2004;59(1):382-6.

pubmed_id:16146016

19:

reference_text:Nikolelis DP, Drivelos DA, Simantiraki MG, Koinis S: An optical spot test for the detection of dopamine in human urine using stabilized in air lipid films. Anal Chem. 2004 Apr 15;76(8):2174-80.

pubmed_id:15080725

20:

reference_text:Eisenhofer G, Aneman A, Friberg P, Hooper D, Fandriks L, Lonroth H, Hunyady B, Mezey E: Substantial production of dopamine in the human gastrointestinal tract. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Nov;82(11):3864-71.

pubmed_id:9360553

21:

reference_text:Thiele I, Swainston N, Fleming RM, Hoppe A, Sahoo S, Aurich MK, Haraldsdottir H, Mo ML, Rolfsson O, Stobbe MD, Thorleifsson SG, Agren R, Bolling C, Bordel S, Chavali AK, Dobson P, Dunn WB, Endler L, Hala D, Hucka M, Hull D, Jameson D, Jamshidi N, Jonsson JJ, Juty N, Keating S, Nookaew I, Le Novere N, Malys N, Mazein A, Papin JA, Price ND, Selkov E Sr, Sigurdsson MI, Simeonidis E, Sonnenschein N, Smallbone K, Sorokin A, van Beek JH, Weichart D, Goryanin I, Nielsen J, Westerhoff HV, Kell DB, Mendes P, Palsson BO: A community-driven global reconstruction of human metabolism. Nat Biotechnol. 2013 May;31(5):419-25. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2488. Epub 2013 Mar 3.

pubmed_id:23455439

22:

reference_text:Berridge KC, Robinson TE: What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience? Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1998 Dec;28(3):309-69.

pubmed_id:9858756

23:

reference_text:Giuliano F, Allard J: Dopamine and sexual function. Int J Impot Res. 2001 Aug;13 Suppl 3:S18-28.

pubmed_id:11477488

24:

reference_text:Giuliano F, Allard J: Dopamine and male sexual function. Eur Urol. 2001 Dec;40(6):601-8.

pubmed_id:11805404

25:

reference_text:Pecina S, Cagniard B, Berridge KC, Aldridge JW, Zhuang X: Hyperdopaminergic mutant mice have higher "wanting" but not "liking" for sweet rewards. J Neurosci. 2003 Oct 15;23(28):9395-402.

pubmed_id:14561867

26:

reference_text:Barron AB, Maleszka R, Vander Meer RK, Robinson GE: Octopamine modulates honey bee dance behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jan 30;104(5):1703-7. Epub 2007 Jan 19.

pubmed_id:17237217

27:

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pubmed_id:24621061

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