版本
5.0
创建日期
2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
更新日期
2020-11-09 23:11:44 UTC
登录号
HMDB0000043
地位
quantified
二级访问
HMDB00043

HMDB0059606

HMDB59606

名称
Betaine
描述
Betaine (CAS: 107-43-7), also known as N,N,N-trimethylglycine, was named after its discovery in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) in the 19th century. It is a small N-trimethylated amino acid, existing in zwitterionic form at neutral pH. It is now often called glycine betaine to distinguish it from other betaines that are widely distributed in microorganisms, plants, and animals. Many naturally occurring betaines serve as organic osmolytes, substances synthesized or taken up from the environment by cells for protection against osmotic stress, drought, high salinity, or high temperature. Intracellular accumulation of betaines permits water retention in cells, thus protecting from the effects of dehydration (Wikipedia). Betaine functions as a methyl donor in that it carries and donates methyl functional groups to facilitate necessary chemical processes. In particular, it methylates homocysteine to methionine, also producing N,N-dimethylglycine. The donation of methyl groups is important to proper liver function, cellular replication, and detoxification reactions. Betaine also plays a role in the manufacture of carnitine and serves to protect the kidneys from damage. Betaine comes from either the diet or by the oxidation of choline. Betaine insufficiency is associated with metabolic syndrome, lipid disorders, and diabetes, and may have a role in vascular and other diseases (PMID: 20346934). Betaine is important in development, from the pre-implantation embryo to infancy. Betaine is also widely regarded as an anti-oxidant. Betaine has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on NO release in activated microglial cells and may be an effective therapeutic component to control neurological disorders (PMID: 22801281). As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th Ed, p1341).
同义词
1:TRIMETHYL glycine

2:Acidin pepsin

3:Acidin-pepsin

4:AcidinPepsin

5:Betaine

6:Betaine hydrochloride

7:Betaine, glycine

8:C.B.B.

9:Citrate de bétaïne beaufour

10:Citrate de bétaïne upsa

11:Cystadane

12:Glycine betaine

13:Hepastyl

14:Hydrochloride, betaine

15:Lycine

16:Novobetaine

17:Oxyneurine

18:Scorbo bétaïne

19:Scorbo-bétaïne

20:Scorbobétaïne

21:Stea 16

22:Stea-16

23:Stea16

24:Trimethylammonioacetic acid

25:Betaine orphan brand

26:Byk brand OF betaine phosphate

27:Fournier brand OF betaine ascorbate and hydrate

28:Beaufour brand OF betaine citrate

29:Boizot brand OF betaine aspartate

30:Logeais brand OF betaine cyclobutyrate

31:UPSA brand OF betaine citrate

32:Orphan brand OF betaine

33:N,N,N-Trimethylglycine

34:Trimethylaminoacetate

35:Trimethylammonioacetate

化学式
C5H12NO2
平均分子量
118.1543
等位分子量
118.086803633
化学名称
(carboxymethyl)trimethylazanium
传统名称
trimethyl glycine
CAS 登记号
6915-17-9
代谢物结构字符串
C[N+](C)(C)CC(O)=O
inchi标识符
InChI=1S/C5H11NO2/c1-6(2,3)4-5(7)8/h4H2,1-3H3/p+1
印记键
KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-O
分类学
description: belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon).

description:Alpha amino acids

kingdom:Organic compounds

super_class:Organic acids and derivatives

class:Carboxylic acids and derivatives

sub_class:Amino acids, peptides, and analogues

molecular_framework:Aliphatic acyclic compounds

1:Amines

2:Carbonyl compounds

3:Carboxylic acids

4:Hydrocarbon derivatives

5:Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives

6:Organic cations

7:Organic oxides

8:Organic salts

9:Organopnictogen compounds

10:Tetraalkylammonium salts

11:Aliphatic acyclic compound

12:Alpha-amino acid

13:Amine

14:Carbonyl group

15:Carboxylic acid

16:Hydrocarbon derivative

17:Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives

18:Organic cation

19:Organic nitrogen compound

20:Organic oxide

21:Organic oxygen compound

22:Organic salt

23:Organonitrogen compound

24:Organooxygen compound

25:Organopnictogen compound

26:Quaternary ammonium salt

27:Tetraalkylammonium salt

28:quaternary ammonium ion

本体论
term:Physiological effect

definition:The effect on an organism physiology, resulting from its exposure to a chemical.

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Health effect

definition:A health condition or observation associated with a stimuli or with a biological activity of a chemical.

parent_id:7693

*level:2

type:parent

term:Health condition

definition:A health effect that consists on short or long-term disease, condition, disorder, syndrome or constant abnormality.

parent_id:7694

**level:3

type:parent

term:Chronic renal failure

definition:

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Ckf

synonym:Chronic kidney failure

synonym:End-stage renal disease

synonym:Esrd

synonym:Eskd

synonym:Stage 5 chronic kidney disease

synonym:Stage 5 ckd

synonym:Anephric patients

term:Hemodialysis

definition:

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Haemodialysis

term:Schizophrenia

definition:A psychotic disorder that is characterized by a disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness. (do).

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:child

term:Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

definition:

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Capd

synonym:Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (capd)

term:Cancer

definition:A group of disorders characterized by the presense of malignant neoplasm.

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:parent

term:Disposition

definition:A concept that describes the origin of a chemical, its location within an organism, or its route of exposure.

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Route of exposure

definition:A mean by which a chemical agent comes in contact with an organism, either under intended or unintended circumstances.

parent_id:7724

*level:2

type:parent

term:Enteral

definition:Chemical exposure via the alimentary canal (mouth to anus).

parent_id:7743

**level:3

type:parent

term:Ingestion

definition:Chemical exposure facilitated by entry through the mouth.

parent_id:7744

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Digestion

term:Source

definition:Natural or synthetic origin of a chemical.

parent_id:7724

*level:2

type:parent

term:Endogenous

definition:

parent_id:7735

**level:3

type:child

term:Food

definition:

parent_id:7735

**level:3

type:child

term:Biological

definition:A living organism (species or a higher taxonomy rank), in which a chemical can be found.

parent_id:7735

**level:3

type:parent

term:Plant

definition:A living organism belonging to the kingdom plantea. typically, it grows in a permanent site, absorbs water and inorganic substances through its roots, and synthesizes nutrients in its leaves by photosynthesis using the green pigment chlorophyll. examples incude trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses.

parent_id:7736

***level:4

type:parent

synonym:Flora

term:Animal

definition:A living organism belonging to the kingdom animalia. it feeds on organic matter, typically having specialized sense organs and nervous system and able to respond rapidly to stimuli.

parent_id:7736

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Fauna

term:Biological location

definition:The physiological origin within an organism, including anatomical compnents, biofluids and excreta.

parent_id:7724

*level:2

type:parent

term:Tissue and substructures

definition:An anatomical organizational level including multiple cells yet not comprising a complete organ .

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Adipose tissue

definition:A specialized form of connective tissue consisting primarily of adipocytes (fat cells), surrounded by a meshwork of collagen fibers. (NCI)

parent_id:7729

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Fat tissue

synonym:Body fat

synonym:Adipose

term:Skeletal muscle

definition:Striated muscles that are under voluntary control of the organism. they are connected at either or both ends to a bone and are utilized for locomotion and other movements. (nci).

parent_id:7729

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Striated muscle

term:Placenta

definition:An organ present in some vertebrates during embryonic gestation that surrounds the fetus and provides it with nutrients and oxygen, facilitates gas and waste exchange between the fetus and mother, and provides parasitic cloaking from the mother's immune system by excretion of neurokinin b. (nci).

parent_id:7729

***level:4

type:child

term:Epidermis

definition:The epithelial portion of the skin (cutis). it consists of the following layers: stratum corneum (horny layer), stratum granulosum (granular layer), stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer), and stratum basale (basal cell layer). (nci).

parent_id:7729

***level:4

type:child

term:Organ and components

definition:An anatomical organizational level including multiple tissues or substructures, which enables a common biological function.

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Gonad

definition:A reproductive system organ that produces and releases either sperm (testis) or eggs (ovary). (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Intestine

definition:The portion of the gastrointestinal tract that includes the small and large intestines.

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Testicle

definition:Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Testes

synonym:Testis

term:Spleen

definition:An abdominal organ that is part of the hematopoietic and immune systems. it is composed of the white pulp and the red pulp and is surrounded by a capsule. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Skin

definition:An organ that constitutes the external surface of the body. it consists of the epidermis, dermis, and skin appendages. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Bladder

definition:The distensible sac-like organ that functions as a reservoir of urine, collecting from the kidneys and eliminating via the urethra. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Liver

definition:An abdominal organ that has variable lobation which are composed mainly of hepatic lobules. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Prostate

definition:The male reproductive accessory gland that produces prostatic fluid and is located adjacent to or around the urethra distal to the urinary bladder in mammals. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Prostate gland

term:Kidney

definition:The organs of the urinary tract located in the retroperitoneal cavity adjacent to the spine and composed of the renal cortex and the renal medulla. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Kidneys

term:Pancreas

definition:A digestive organ in the abdomen that has both endocrine and exocrine functions. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Endocrine gland

definition:

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:parent

term:Biofluid and excreta

definition:A liquid, semi-solid or solid material originating in the body.

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Saliva

definition:The watery fluid in the mouth made by the salivary glands. saliva moistens food to help digestion and it helps protect the mouth against infections. (nci).

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

term:Feces

definition:The material discharged from the bowel during defecation. It consists of undigested food, intestinal mucus, epithelial cells, and bacteria.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Fecal

synonym:Stool

synonym:Faecal

synonym:Faeces

term:Urine

definition:Excretion in liquid state processed by the kidney.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

term:Blood

definition:A liquid tissue with the primary function of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide (nci). it supplies the tissues with nutrients, removes waste products, and contains various components of the immune system defending the body against infection.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

term:Breast milk

definition:Portion of secreted substance produced by the mammary gland.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

term:Subcellular

definition:An anatomical organizational level including a component within a biological cell .

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Cytoplasm

definition:The portion of the cell contained within the plasma membrane but excluding the nucleus.

parent_id:7730

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Cytoplasma

term:Mitochondria

definition:

parent_id:7730

***level:4

type:child

term:Cell and elements

definition:An anatomical organizational level comprising of a single cell (or a fragment in some exceptions). a cell is defined by its type or function. it is the smallest unit of living structure capable of independent existence, composed of a membrane-enclosed mass of protoplasm and containing a nucleus or nucleoid.

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Extracellular

definition:The space external to the outermost structure of a cell.

parent_id:7732

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Extracellular region

term:Element

definition:

parent_id:7732

***level:4

type:parent

term:Cell

definition:

parent_id:7732

***level:4

type:parent

term:Process

definition:Biological or chemical events, or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Naturally occurring process

definition:Naturally-occurring molecular events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.

parent_id:7659

*level:2

type:parent

term:Biological process

definition:Biological or chemical events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product within an organism.

parent_id:7660

**level:3

type:parent

term:Biochemical pathway

definition:A linked series of chemical reactions that occur in a defined order within or between organism cells, and lead to a known function or end product.

parent_id:7661

***level:4

type:parent

term:Role

definition:The purpose or function assumed by a chemical, either naturally or as intended by humans .

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Industrial application

definition:The assumed function of a chemical utilized by human.

parent_id:7671

*level:2

type:parent

term:Pharmaceutical industry

definition:A pharmacologic activity for which a chemical substance is utilized owing to its biological role.

parent_id:7678

**level:3

type:parent

term:Pharmaceutical

definition:

parent_id:7679

***level:4

type:child

term:Biological role

definition:The biological function of a chemical. the biological role answers the question how a chemical is involved in molecular processes in an organism. this can include biochemical effects of non-endogenous chemicals, which are also assigned an industrial application such as pharmaceuticals. the biological role is limited to cellular levls, and will not include role at system process level, such as a chemical which has a role in a disease.

parent_id:7671

*level:2

type:parent

term:Osmolyte

definition:A chemical substance that affects osmosis. osmolytes are soluble in the cell or in the fluid between cells, and are utilized by cells during water stress to maintain the cell volume.

parent_id:7672

**level:3

type:child

synonym:Osmolosis agent

状态
Solid
实验性质
1:

kind:water_solubility

value:611.0 mg/mL at 19 °C

source:

2:

kind:melting_point

value:293 - 301 °C

source:

预测性质
1:

kind:logp

value:-2.12

source:ALOGPS

2:

kind:logs

value:-1.94

source:ALOGPS

3:

kind:solubility

value:1.86 g/L

source:ALOGPS

4:

kind:logp

value:-4.5

source:ChemAxon

5:

kind:pka_strongest_acidic

value:2.26

source:ChemAxon

6:

kind:iupac

value:(carboxymethyl)trimethylazanium

source:ChemAxon

7:

kind:average_mass

value:118.1543

source:ChemAxon

8:

kind:mono_mass

value:118.086803633

source:ChemAxon

9:

kind:smiles

value:C[N+](C)(C)CC(O)=O

source:ChemAxon

10:

kind:formula

value:C5H12NO2

source:ChemAxon

11:

kind:inchi

value:InChI=1S/C5H11NO2/c1-6(2,3)4-5(7)8/h4H2,1-3H3/p+1

source:ChemAxon

12:

kind:inchikey

value:KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-O

source:ChemAxon

13:

kind:polar_surface_area

value:37.3

source:ChemAxon

14:

kind:refractivity

value:41.99

source:ChemAxon

15:

kind:polarizability

value:12.52

source:ChemAxon

16:

kind:rotatable_bond_count

value:2

source:ChemAxon

17:

kind:acceptor_count

value:2

source:ChemAxon

18:

kind:donor_count

value:1

source:ChemAxon

19:

kind:physiological_charge

value:0

source:ChemAxon

20:

kind:formal_charge

value:1

source:ChemAxon

21:

kind:number_of_rings

value:0

source:ChemAxon

22:

kind:bioavailability

value:Yes

source:ChemAxon

23:

kind:rule_of_five

value:Yes

source:ChemAxon

24:

kind:ghose_filter

value:No

source:ChemAxon

25:

kind:veber_rule

value:Yes

source:ChemAxon

26:

kind:mddr_like_rule

value:No

source:ChemAxon

1:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:5276

2:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:5277

3:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:166377

4:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:166433

5:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:166538

6:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:166643

7:

type:Specdb::EiMs

spectrum_id:2013

8:

type:Specdb::NmrTwoD

spectrum_id:2084

9:

type:Specdb::NmrTwoD

spectrum_id:2085

10:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:6600

11:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:47811

12:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:146551

13:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:912835

14:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:912836

15:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:912837

16:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:1470719

17:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:1470720

18:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:1470721

19:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:1470722

20:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:1470723

21:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:1470724

22:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:1470725

23:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:1470726

24:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:1470727

25:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:1470728

26:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:1470729

27:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:1470730

28:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:1470731

29:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:1470732

30:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:1470733

31:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:1470734

32:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:1470735

33:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:1470736

34:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:1470737

35:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:1470738

36:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:1470739

37:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:1470740

光谱
生物学性质
1:

cellular:(1):Cytoplasm

cellular:(2):Extracellular

cellular:(3):Mitochondria

2:

biospecimen:(1):Blood

biospecimen:(2):Breast Milk

biospecimen:(3):Feces

biospecimen:(4):Saliva

biospecimen:(5):Urine

3:

tissue:(1):Adipose Tissue

tissue:(2):Adrenal Cortex

tissue:(3):Adrenal Gland

tissue:(4):Bladder

tissue:(5):Epidermis

tissue:(6):Fibroblasts

tissue:(7):Intestine

tissue:(8):Kidney

tissue:(9):Liver

tissue:(10):Ovary

tissue:(11):Pancreas

tissue:(12):Placenta

tissue:(13):Platelet

tissue:(14):Prostate

tissue:(15):Skeletal Muscle

tissue:(16):Spleen

tissue:(17):Testis

4:

[1]:

name:3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency

smpdb_id:SMP00721

kegg_map_id:

[2]:

name:Cystathionine Beta-Synthase Deficiency

smpdb_id:SMP00177

kegg_map_id:

[3]:

name:Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Deficiency (DHPD)

smpdb_id:SMP00179

kegg_map_id:

[4]:

name:Dimethylglycine Dehydrogenase Deficiency

smpdb_id:SMP00242

kegg_map_id:

[5]:

name:Dimethylglycine Dehydrogenase Deficiency

smpdb_id:SMP00484

kegg_map_id:

[6]:

name:Glycine N-methyltransferase Deficiency

smpdb_id:SMP00222

kegg_map_id:

[7]:

name:Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism

smpdb_id:

kegg_map_id:map00260

[8]:

name:Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism

smpdb_id:

kegg_map_id:map00260

[9]:

name:Homocystinuria-megaloblastic anemia due to defect in cobalamin metabolism, cblG complementation type

smpdb_id:SMP00570

kegg_map_id:

[10]:

name:Hyperglycinemia, non-ketotic

smpdb_id:SMP00485

kegg_map_id:

[11]:

name:Hypermethioninemia

smpdb_id:SMP00341

kegg_map_id:

[12]:

name:Methionine Adenosyltransferase Deficiency

smpdb_id:SMP00221

kegg_map_id:

[13]:

name:Methionine Metabolism

smpdb_id:SMP00033

kegg_map_id:map00270

[14]:

name:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Deficiency (MTHFRD)

smpdb_id:SMP00340

kegg_map_id:

[15]:

name:Non Ketotic Hyperglycinemia

smpdb_id:SMP00223

kegg_map_id:

[16]:

name:S-Adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) Hydrolase Deficiency

smpdb_id:SMP00214

kegg_map_id:

[17]:

name:Sarcosine Oncometabolite Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP02313

kegg_map_id:

[18]:

name:Sarcosinemia

smpdb_id:SMP00244

kegg_map_id:

正常浓度
1:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:26-67

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

2:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:20-285

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

3:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:33.6 (23.9-42.1)

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

4:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

5:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:82.0 (20.0-144.0)

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

6:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:56.99 +/- 15.35

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

7:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:54.77(15.5)

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

8:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:20.00-144.0

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

9:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:72 +/- 22.4

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

10:

biospecimen:Breast Milk

concentration_value:30.3 +/- 8.4

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

11:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

12:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

13:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Children (6 - 18 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

14:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:8.51 +/- 19.4

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

15:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

16:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

17:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

18:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

19:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

20:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

21:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

22:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

23:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

24:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

25:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:12.78 +/- 6.66

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

26:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:3.17 +/- 2.68

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

27:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:10.59 +/- 10.82

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

28:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

29:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.00053 +/- 0.00049

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

30:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

31:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.37 (0.19-0.33)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

32:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:11.5 (2.7-24.7)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

33:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:4.14

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

34:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:16.883 +/- 25.163

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

35:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

36:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

37:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:74.09-410.3

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

38:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:181.0 +/- 57.77

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

39:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:194.3 +/- 76.02

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

40:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:6.1 +/- 3.2

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

41:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:44-1200

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

42:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:4-80

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

43:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:49.6 (6.4-92.7)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

异常浓度
1:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:42.1 +/- 19.3

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Heart Transplant

2:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:211

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Hypermethioninemia

3:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:129

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Dimethylglycinuria

4:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:32.5 (23.9-42.5)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Chronic renal failure

5:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:25.6 (23.4-36.6)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

6:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:31.9 (28.3-36.2)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Hemodialysis

7:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:26.51 +/- 11.92

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Female

patient_information:Pregnancy with fetuses with trisomy 18

8:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:25.27 +/- 10.03

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Female

patient_information:Pregnancy

9:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:29.2 (6.9)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Female

patient_information:Early preeclampsia

10:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:25.8 (8.8)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Female

patient_information:Pregnancy

11:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Colorectal cancer

12:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:43.00 +/- 12.34

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Schizophrenia

13:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Pancreatic Cancer

14:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:21.99 (7.84)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Female

patient_information:Pregnancy with fetus having congenital heart defect

15:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:20.05 (8.39)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Female

patient_information:Pregnancy

16:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:33.3 (23.6)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Female

patient_information:Late-onset preeclampsia

17:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:62.92(17.18)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

18:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:21.6 (9.4)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Female

patient_information:Pregnancy

19:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:70.68(28.54)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

20:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:25.4 (5.5)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Female

patient_information:Down syndrome pregnancy

21:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:27.0 (8.9)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Female

patient_information:Pregnancy

22:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Colorectal cancer

23:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Children (6 - 18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Crohns disease

24:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Children (6 - 18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Ulcerative colitis

25:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Children (6 - 18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Unclassified IBD

26:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:6.43 +/- 0.37

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Alzheimer's disease

27:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:14.04 +/- 14.30

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Frontotemporal lobe dementia

28:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:45.82 +/- 51.32

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Lewy body disease

29:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Oral cancer

30:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Female

patient_information:Breast cancer

31:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Pancreatic cancer

32:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Periodontal diseases

33:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:6.0 (0.0-16.0)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Lung cancer

34:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:22.23 +/- 24.604

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Eosinophilic esophagitis

35:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:51.2 +/- 7.6

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:3-Hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA lyase (HL) deficency

36:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:76.2 +/- 8

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:3-Hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA lyase (HL) deficency

37:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:210.1 +/- 16.4

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Argininosuccinic aciduria (ASL)

38:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:20.1 +/- 4.7

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Propionic acidemia

39:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:122 +/- 13.6

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Propionic acidemia

40:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:8.5 +/- 0.4

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Phenylketonuria

41:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:14.3 +/- 2.7

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Phenylketonuria

42:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:14.2 +/- 0.9

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Maple syrup urine disease

43:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:58 +/- 2.2

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Aminoaciduria

44:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:82-84

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Dimethylglycinuria

疾病参考
1:

name:Chronic renal failure

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Hegedus ZL, Frank HA, Steinman TI, Altschule MD, Nayak U: Elevated levels of plasma lipofuscins in patients with chronic renal failure. Arch Int Physiol Biochim. 1988 Dec;96(5):211-21.

pubmed_id:2474282

[2]:

reference_text:McGregor DO, Dellow WJ, Lever M, George PM, Robson RA, Chambers ST: Dimethylglycine accumulates in uremia and predicts elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations. Kidney Int. 2001 Jun;59(6):2267-72.

pubmed_id:11380830

[3]:

reference_text:Dimitrakov D, Kumchev E, Lyutakova E, Ledzhev I, Nikolov D, Tsekov V: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in predialysis patients with chronic renal failure. Folia Med (Plovdiv). 1997;39(1):29-33.

pubmed_id:9141788

[4]:

reference_text:Kikuchi T, Orita Y, Ando A, Mikami H, Fujii M, Okada A, Abe H: Liquid-chromatographic determination of guanidino compounds in plasma and erythrocyte of normal persons and uremic patients. Clin Chem. 1981 Nov;27(11):1899-902.

pubmed_id:7296840

[5]:

reference_text:Kand'ar R, Zakova P: Allantoin as a marker of oxidative stress in human erythrocytes. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2008;46(9):1270-4. doi: 10.1515/CCLM.2008.244.

pubmed_id:18636793

2:

name:Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Gill DS, Fonseca VA, Barradas MA, Balliod R, Moorhead JF, Dandona P: Plasma histamine in patients with chronic renal failure and nephrotic syndrome. J Clin Pathol. 1991 Mar;44(3):243-5.

pubmed_id:2013627

[2]:

reference_text:McGregor DO, Dellow WJ, Lever M, George PM, Robson RA, Chambers ST: Dimethylglycine accumulates in uremia and predicts elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations. Kidney Int. 2001 Jun;59(6):2267-72.

pubmed_id:11380830

3:

name:Hemodialysis

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Hung SC, Hung SH, Tarng DC, Yang WC, Chen TW, Huang TP: Thiamine deficiency and unexplained encephalopathy in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001 Nov;38(5):941-7.

pubmed_id:11684545

[2]:

reference_text:Gill DS, Fonseca VA, Barradas MA, Balliod R, Moorhead JF, Dandona P: Plasma histamine in patients with chronic renal failure and nephrotic syndrome. J Clin Pathol. 1991 Mar;44(3):243-5.

pubmed_id:2013627

[3]:

reference_text:Pawlak D, Pawlak K, Malyszko J, Mysliwiec M, Buczko W: Accumulation of toxic products degradation of kynurenine in hemodialyzed patients. Int Urol Nephrol. 2001;33(2):399-404.

pubmed_id:12092667

[4]:

reference_text:Ogawa Y, Machida N, Jahana M, Gakiya M, Chinen Y, Oda M, Morozumi M, Sugaya K: Major factors modulating the serum oxalic acid level in hemodialysis patients. Front Biosci. 2004 Sep 1;9:2901-8.

pubmed_id:15353324

[5]:

reference_text:Raj DS, Ouwendyk M, Francoeur R, Pierratos A: Plasma amino acid profile on nocturnal hemodialysis. Blood Purif. 2000;18(2):97-102.

pubmed_id:10838467

[6]:

reference_text:Cabral PC, Diniz Ada S, de Arruda IK: Vitamin A and zinc status in patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Nephrology (Carlton). 2005 Oct;10(5):459-63.

pubmed_id:16221095

[7]:

reference_text:Oikawa O, Higuchi T, Yamazaki T, Yamamoto C, Fukuda N, Matsumoto K: Evaluation of serum fetuin-A relationships with biochemical parameters in patients on hemodialysis. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2007 Dec;11(4):304-8. Epub 2007 Dec 21.

pubmed_id:18085392

[8]:

reference_text:Pollack GM, Buchanan JF, Slaughter RL, Kohli RK, Shen DD: Circulating concentrations of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its de-esterified phthalic acid products following plasticizer exposure in patients receiving hemodialysis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1985 Jun 30;79(2):257-67.

pubmed_id:4002227

[9]:

reference_text:De Smet R, Van Kaer J, Liebich H, Lesaffer G, Verstraete A, Dhondt A, Duym P, Lameire N, Vanholder R: Heparin-induced release of protein-bound solutes during hemodialysis is an in vitro artifact. Clin Chem. 2001 May;47(5):901-9.

pubmed_id:11325895

[10]:

reference_text:Jankowski J, Jankowski V, Laufer U, van der Giet M, Henning L, Tepel M, Zidek W, Schluter H: Identification and quantification of diadenosine polyphosphate concentrations in human plasma. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003 Jul 1;23(7):1231-8. Epub 2003 May 8.

pubmed_id:12738682

[11]:

reference_text:Pham NM, Recht NS, Hostetter TH, Meyer TW: Removal of the protein-bound solutes indican and p-cresol sulfate by peritoneal dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Jan;3(1):85-90. Epub 2007 Nov 28.

pubmed_id:18045861

[12]:

reference_text:McGregor DO, Dellow WJ, Lever M, George PM, Robson RA, Chambers ST: Dimethylglycine accumulates in uremia and predicts elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations. Kidney Int. 2001 Jun;59(6):2267-72.

pubmed_id:11380830

4:

name:Colorectal cancer

omim_id:114500

[1]:

reference_text:Ishiwata S, Itoh K, Yamaguchi T, Ishida N, Mizugaki M: Comparison of serum and urinary levels of modified nucleoside, 1-methyladenosine, in cancer patients using a monoclonal antibody-based inhibition ELISA. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1995 May;176(1):61-8.

pubmed_id:7482520

[2]:

reference_text:Monleon D, Morales JM, Barrasa A, Lopez JA, Vazquez C, Celda B: Metabolite profiling of fecal water extracts from human colorectal cancer. NMR Biomed. 2009 Apr;22(3):342-8. doi: 10.1002/nbm.1345.

pubmed_id:19006102

[3]:

reference_text:Weir TL, Manter DK, Sheflin AM, Barnett BA, Heuberger AL, Ryan EP: Stool microbiome and metabolome differences between colorectal cancer patients and healthy adults. PLoS One. 2013 Aug 6;8(8):e70803. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070803. Print 2013.

pubmed_id:23940645

[4]:

reference_text:Phua LC, Chue XP, Koh PK, Cheah PY, Ho HK, Chan EC: Non-invasive fecal metabonomic detection of colorectal cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 2014 Apr;15(4):389-97. doi: 10.4161/cbt.27625. Epub 2014 Jan 14.

pubmed_id:24424155

[5]:

reference_text:Ritchie SA, Ahiahonu PW, Jayasinghe D, Heath D, Liu J, Lu Y, Jin W, Kavianpour A, Yamazaki Y, Khan AM, Hossain M, Su-Myat KK, Wood PL, Krenitsky K, Takemasa I, Miyake M, Sekimoto M, Monden M, Matsubara H, Nomura F, Goodenowe DB: Reduced levels of hydroxylated, polyunsaturated ultra long-chain fatty acids in the serum of colorectal cancer patients: implications for early screening and detection. BMC Med. 2010 Feb 15;8:13. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-8-13.

pubmed_id:20156336

[6]:

reference_text:Qiu Y, Cai G, Su M, Chen T, Zheng X, Xu Y, Ni Y, Zhao A, Xu LX, Cai S, Jia W: Serum metabolite profiling of human colorectal cancer using GC-TOFMS and UPLC-QTOFMS. J Proteome Res. 2009 Oct;8(10):4844-50. doi: 10.1021/pr9004162.

pubmed_id:19678709

[7]:

reference_text:Cheng Y, Xie G, Chen T, Qiu Y, Zou X, Zheng M, Tan B, Feng B, Dong T, He P, Zhao L, Zhao A, Xu LX, Zhang Y, Jia W: Distinct urinary metabolic profile of human colorectal cancer. J Proteome Res. 2012 Feb 3;11(2):1354-63. doi: 10.1021/pr201001a. Epub 2011 Dec 28.

pubmed_id:22148915

[8]:

reference_text:Ni Y, Xie G, Jia W: Metabonomics of human colorectal cancer: new approaches for early diagnosis and biomarker discovery. J Proteome Res. 2014 Sep 5;13(9):3857-70. doi: 10.1021/pr500443c. Epub 2014 Aug 14.

pubmed_id:25105552

[9]:

reference_text:Ikeda A, Nishiumi S, Shinohara M, Yoshie T, Hatano N, Okuno T, Bamba T, Fukusaki E, Takenawa T, Azuma T, Yoshida M: Serum metabolomics as a novel diagnostic approach for gastrointestinal cancer. Biomed Chromatogr. 2012 May;26(5):548-58. doi: 10.1002/bmc.1671. Epub 2011 Jul 20.

pubmed_id:21773981

[10]:

reference_text:Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18.

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reference_text:Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016.

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reference_text:Lin Y, Ma C, Liu C, Wang Z, Yang J, Liu X, Shen Z, Wu R: NMR-based fecal metabolomics fingerprinting as predictors of earlier diagnosis in patients with colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 2016 May 17;7(20):29454-64. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.8762.

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reference_text:Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016.

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reference_text:Wang X, Wang J, Rao B, Deng L: Gut flora profiling and fecal metabolite composition of colorectal cancer patients and healthy individuals. Exp Ther Med. 2017 Jun;13(6):2848-2854. doi: 10.3892/etm.2017.4367. Epub 2017 Apr 20.

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reference_text:Silke Matysik, Caroline Ivanne Le Roy, Gerhard Liebisch, Sandrine Paule Claus. Metabolomics of fecal samples: A practical consideration. Trends in Food Science & Technology. Vol. 57, Part B, Nov. 2016, p.244-255: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924224416301984

5:

name:Schizophrenia

omim_id:181500

[1]:

reference_text:Harnryd C, Bjerkenstedt L, Grimm VE, Sedvall G: Reduction of MOPEG levels in cerebrospinal fluid of psychotic women after electroconvulsive treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1979 Aug 8;64(2):131-4.

pubmed_id:115032

[2]:

reference_text:Kobayashi K, Koide Y, Yoshino K, Shohmori T: [P-hydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid]. No To Shinkei. 1982 Aug;34(8):769-74.

pubmed_id:7126379

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KEGG数据库编号
DrugBank数据库编号
DB04455
foodb数据库编号
ChemSpider数据库编号
243
公共化学化合物编号
248
PDB数据库编号
生物利益的化学实体数据库编号
41139
knapsack数据库编号
维基百科编号
代谢途径的数据库编号
苯酚资源管理器化合物数据库编号
比格数据库编号
梅林编号
虚拟机身份证编号
fbonto数据库编号
综合参考
Mu, Yun; Guo, Xiao-hui. Improved process for preparation of betaine. Huaxue Yu Shengwu Gongcheng (2005), 22(7), 48-49.
一般参考
1:

protein_accession:HMDBP00201

name:Choline dehydrogenase, mitochondrial

uniprot_id:Q8NE62

gene_name:CHDH

protein_type:Unknown

2:

protein_accession:HMDBP00293

name:Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase

uniprot_id:P49419

gene_name:ALDH7A1

protein_type:Unknown

3:

protein_accession:HMDBP00559

name:Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1

uniprot_id:Q93088

gene_name:BHMT

protein_type:Unknown

4:

protein_accession:HMDBP02695

name:Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter

uniprot_id:P48065

gene_name:SLC6A12

protein_type:Unknown

5:

protein_accession:HMDBP04296

name:S-methylmethionine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase BHMT2

uniprot_id:Q9H2M3

gene_name:BHMT2

protein_type:Unknown

蛋白质结合
1:

reference_text:Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762.

pubmed_id:19212411

2:

reference_text:Surtees R, Bowron A, Leonard J: Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma total homocysteine and related metabolites in children with cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency: the effect of treatment. Pediatr Res. 1997 Nov;42(5):577-82.

pubmed_id:9357926

3:

reference_text:Holm PI, Ueland PM, Kvalheim G, Lien EA: Determination of choline, betaine, and dimethylglycine in plasma by a high-throughput method based on normal-phase chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem. 2003 Feb;49(2):286-94.

pubmed_id:12560353

4:

reference_text:Knopman D, Patterson M: An open-label, 24-week pilot study of the methyl donor betaine in Alzheimer disease patients. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2001 Jul-Sep;15(3):162-5.

pubmed_id:11522934

5:

reference_text:Schwahn BC, Chen Z, Laryea MD, Wendel U, Lussier-Cacan S, Genest J Jr, Mar MH, Zeisel SH, Castro C, Garrow T, Rozen R: Homocysteine-betaine interactions in a murine model of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency. FASEB J. 2003 Mar;17(3):512-4. Epub 2003 Jan 22.

pubmed_id:12551843

6:

reference_text:Abdelmalek MF, Angulo P, Jorgensen RA, Sylvestre PB, Lindor KD: Betaine, a promising new agent for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a pilot study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 Sep;96(9):2711-7.

pubmed_id:11569700

7:

reference_text:Abu Al-Soud W, Radstrom P: Effects of amplification facilitators on diagnostic PCR in the presence of blood, feces, and meat. J Clin Microbiol. 2000 Dec;38(12):4463-70.

pubmed_id:11101581

8:

reference_text:Sakamoto A, Ono H, Mizoguchi N, Sakura N: Betaine and homocysteine concentrations in infant formulae and breast milk. Pediatr Int. 2001 Dec;43(6):637-40.

pubmed_id:11737741

9:

reference_text:Schwab U, Torronen A, Toppinen L, Alfthan G, Saarinen M, Aro A, Uusitupa M: Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure in human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Nov;76(5):961-7.

pubmed_id:12399266

10:

reference_text:Chambers ST, Kunin CM: Isolation of glycine betaine and proline betaine from human urine. Assessment of their role as osmoprotective agents for bacteria and the kidney. J Clin Invest. 1987 Mar;79(3):731-7.

pubmed_id:3546377

11:

reference_text:Laryea MD, Steinhagen F, Pawliczek S, Wendel U: Simple method for the routine determination of betaine and N,N-dimethylglycine in blood and urine. Clin Chem. 1998 Sep;44(9):1937-41.

pubmed_id:9732980

12:

reference_text:Chung YL, Rider LG, Bell JD, Summers RM, Zemel LS, Rennebohm RM, Passo MH, Hicks J, Miller FW, Scott DL: Muscle metabolites, detected in urine by proton spectroscopy, correlate with disease damage in juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Aug 15;53(4):565-70.

pubmed_id:16082628

13:

reference_text:Go EK, Jung KJ, Kim JY, Yu BP, Chung HY: Betaine suppresses proinflammatory signaling during aging: the involvement of nuclear factor-kappaB via nuclear factor-inducing kinase/IkappaB kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinases. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005 Oct;60(10):1252-64.

pubmed_id:16282556

14:

reference_text:Lever M, Slow S: The clinical significance of betaine, an osmolyte with a key role in methyl group metabolism. Clin Biochem. 2010 Jun;43(9):732-44. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.03.009. Epub 2010 Mar 25.

pubmed_id:20346934

15:

reference_text:Amiraslani B, Sabouni F, Abbasi S, Nazem H, Sabet M: Recognition of betaine as an inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in activated microglial cells. Iran Biomed J. 2012;16(2):84-9.

pubmed_id:22801281

16:

reference_text:Brunk E, Sahoo S, Zielinski DC, Altunkaya A, Drager A, Mih N, Gatto F, Nilsson A, Preciat Gonzalez GA, Aurich MK, Prlic A, Sastry A, Danielsdottir AD, Heinken A, Noronha A, Rose PW, Burley SK, Fleming RMT, Nielsen J, Thiele I, Palsson BO: Recon3D enables a three-dimensional view of gene variation in human metabolism. Nat Biotechnol. 2018 Mar;36(3):272-281. doi: 10.1038/nbt.4072. Epub 2018 Feb 19.

pubmed_id:29457794

17:

reference_text:Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043.

pubmed_id:32033212

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