创建日期
2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
更新日期
2021-09-14 15:40:12 UTC
描述
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
同义词
1:(+)-Aldosterone
2:(11beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al
3:11beta,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-4-pregnen-18-al
4:(11b)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al
5:(11Β)-11,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al
6:11b,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-4-pregnen-18-al
7:11Β,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-4-pregnen-18-al
8:Aldosterone, (+-)-isomer
9:Aldosterone, (11 beta,17 alpha)-isomer
10:11beta,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-diketo-4-pregnen-18-al
11:11beta,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-diketopregn-4-ene-18-al
12:11beta,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,18,20-trione
13:11Β,21-dihydroxy-3,20-diketo-4-pregnen-18-al
14:11Β,21-dihydroxy-3,20-diketopregn-4-ene-18-al
15:11Β,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,18,20-trione
16:18-Formyl-11beta,21-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione
17:18-Formyl-11β,21-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione
18:18-Oxocorticosterone
19:Aldosterone
化学名称
(1S,2R,10S,11S,14S,15R,17S)-17-hydroxy-14-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-2-methyl-5-oxotetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-6-ene-15-carbaldehyde
传统名称
(1S,2R,10S,11S,14S,15R,17S)-17-hydroxy-14-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-2-methyl-5-oxotetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-6-ene-15-carbaldehyde
代谢物结构字符串
[H][C@@]12CC[C@H](C(=O)CO)[C@]1(C[C@H](O)[C@@]1([H])[C@@]2([H])CCC2=CC(=O)CC[C@]12C)C=O
inchi标识符
InChI=1S/C21H28O5/c1-20-7-6-13(24)8-12(20)2-3-14-15-4-5-16(18(26)10-22)21(15,11-23)9-17(25)19(14)20/h8,11,14-17,19,22,25H,2-7,9-10H2,1H3/t14-,15-,16+,17-,19+,20-,21+/m0/s1
印记键
PQSUYGKTWSAVDQ-ZVIOFETBSA-N
分类学
description: belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 21-hydroxysteroids. These are steroids carrying a hydroxyl group at the 21-position of the steroid backbone.
description:21-hydroxysteroids
kingdom:Organic compounds
super_class:Lipids and lipid-like molecules
class:Steroids and steroid derivatives
sub_class:Hydroxysteroids
molecular_framework:Aliphatic homopolycyclic compounds
1:11-beta-hydroxysteroids
2:20-oxosteroids
3:3-oxo delta-4-steroids
4:Aldehydes
5:Alpha-hydroxy ketones
6:Cyclic alcohols and derivatives
7:Cyclohexenones
8:Delta-4-steroids
9:Gluco/mineralocorticoids, progestogins and derivatives
10:Hydrocarbon derivatives
11:Organic oxides
12:Primary alcohols
13:Secondary alcohols
14:11-beta-hydroxysteroid
15:11-hydroxysteroid
16:18-oxosteroid
17:20-oxosteroid
18:21-hydroxysteroid
19:3-oxo-delta-4-steroid
20:3-oxosteroid
21:Alcohol
22:Aldehyde
23:Aliphatic homopolycyclic compound
24:Alpha-hydroxy ketone
25:Carbonyl group
26:Cyclic alcohol
27:Cyclic ketone
28:Cyclohexenone
29:Delta-4-steroid
30:Hydrocarbon derivative
31:Ketone
32:Organic oxide
33:Organic oxygen compound
34:Organooxygen compound
35:Oxosteroid
36:Pregnane-skeleton
37:Primary alcohol
38:Progestogin-skeleton
39:Secondary alcohol
40:11beta-hydroxy steroid
41:18-oxo steroid
42:20-oxo steroid
43:21-hydroxy steroid
44:3-oxo steroid
45:C21 steroids (gluco/mineralocorticoids, progestogins) and derivatives
46:C21-steroid hormone
47:Mineralocorticoids
48:Pregnane and derivatives [Fig]
49:mineralocorticoid
本体论
term:Physiological effect
definition:The effect on an organism physiology, resulting from its exposure to a chemical.
parent_id:
level:1
type:parent
term:Health effect
definition:A health condition or observation associated with a stimuli or with a biological activity of a chemical.
parent_id:7693
*level:2
type:parent
term:Health condition
definition:A health effect that consists on short or long-term disease, condition, disorder, syndrome or constant abnormality.
parent_id:7694
**level:3
type:parent
term:Cardiac disorders
definition:Any disorder that affects the heart.
parent_id:7695
***level:4
type:parent
term:Disposition
definition:A concept that describes the origin of a chemical, its location within an organism, or its route of exposure.
parent_id:
level:1
type:parent
term:Route of exposure
definition:A mean by which a chemical agent comes in contact with an organism, either under intended or unintended circumstances.
parent_id:7724
*level:2
type:parent
term:Enteral
definition:Chemical exposure via the alimentary canal (mouth to anus).
parent_id:7743
**level:3
type:parent
term:Ingestion
definition:Chemical exposure facilitated by entry through the mouth.
parent_id:7744
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Digestion
term:Source
definition:Natural or synthetic origin of a chemical.
parent_id:7724
*level:2
type:parent
term:Endogenous
definition:
parent_id:7735
**level:3
type:child
term:Food
definition:
parent_id:7735
**level:3
type:child
term:Biological
definition:A living organism (species or a higher taxonomy rank), in which a chemical can be found.
parent_id:7735
**level:3
type:parent
term:Animal
definition:A living organism belonging to the kingdom animalia. it feeds on organic matter, typically having specialized sense organs and nervous system and able to respond rapidly to stimuli.
parent_id:7736
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Fauna
term:Biological location
definition:The physiological origin within an organism, including anatomical compnents, biofluids and excreta.
parent_id:7724
*level:2
type:parent
term:System
definition:An anatomical organizational level comprising of multiple organs and substructure, which serve a complete biological function.
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Cardiovascular system
definition:В the system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body.
parent_id:7726
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Circulatory system
term:Organ and components
definition:An anatomical organizational level including multiple tissues or substructures, which enables a common biological function.
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Intestine
definition:The portion of the gastrointestinal tract that includes the small and large intestines.
parent_id:7727
***level:4
type:child
term:Testicle
definition:Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. (nci).
parent_id:7727
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Testes
synonym:Testis
term:Lung
definition:A thoracic organ that has variable lobation and is the primary respiratory organ of mammals.
parent_id:7727
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Lungs
term:Kidney
definition:The organs of the urinary tract located in the retroperitoneal cavity adjacent to the spine and composed of the renal cortex and the renal medulla. (nci).
parent_id:7727
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Kidneys
term:Pancreas
definition:A digestive organ in the abdomen that has both endocrine and exocrine functions. (nci).
parent_id:7727
***level:4
type:child
term:Endocrine gland
definition:
parent_id:7727
***level:4
type:parent
term:Cell and elements
definition:An anatomical organizational level comprising of a single cell (or a fragment in some exceptions). a cell is defined by its type or function. it is the smallest unit of living structure capable of independent existence, composed of a membrane-enclosed mass of protoplasm and containing a nucleus or nucleoid.
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Extracellular
definition:The space external to the outermost structure of a cell.
parent_id:7732
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Extracellular region
term:Element
definition:
parent_id:7732
***level:4
type:parent
term:Cell
definition:
parent_id:7732
***level:4
type:parent
term:Tissue and substructures
definition:An anatomical organizational level including multiple cells yet not comprising a complete organ .
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Placenta
definition:An organ present in some vertebrates during embryonic gestation that surrounds the fetus and provides it with nutrients and oxygen, facilitates gas and waste exchange between the fetus and mother, and provides parasitic cloaking from the mother's immune system by excretion of neurokinin b. (nci).
parent_id:7729
***level:4
type:child
term:Skeletal muscle
definition:Striated muscles that are under voluntary control of the organism. they are connected at either or both ends to a bone and are utilized for locomotion and other movements. (nci).
parent_id:7729
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Striated muscle
term:Adipose tissue
definition:A specialized form of connective tissue consisting primarily of adipocytes (fat cells), surrounded by a meshwork of collagen fibers. (NCI)
parent_id:7729
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Fat tissue
synonym:Body fat
synonym:Adipose
term:Muscle
definition:A fibrous soft tissue with the ability to contract to produce force and motion. (nci).
parent_id:7729
***level:4
type:child
term:Hepatic tissue
definition:The tissue of the liver. It includes the hepatic lobules, hepatic sinusoids, perisinusoidal spaces, and portal triad. The hepatic lobules are composed of hepatocytes. (NCI Thesaurus).
parent_id:7729
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Liver tissue
term:Biofluid and excreta
definition:A liquid, semi-solid or solid material originating in the body.
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Urine
definition:Excretion in liquid state processed by the kidney.
parent_id:7731
***level:4
type:child
term:Saliva
definition:The watery fluid in the mouth made by the salivary glands. saliva moistens food to help digestion and it helps protect the mouth against infections. (nci).
parent_id:7731
***level:4
type:child
term:Blood
definition:A liquid tissue with the primary function of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide (nci). it supplies the tissues with nutrients, removes waste products, and contains various components of the immune system defending the body against infection.
parent_id:7731
***level:4
type:child
term:Subcellular
definition:An anatomical organizational level including a component within a biological cell .
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Cytoplasm
definition:The portion of the cell contained within the plasma membrane but excluding the nucleus.
parent_id:7730
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Cytoplasma
term:Membrane
definition:
parent_id:7730
***level:4
type:child
term:Mitochondria
definition:
parent_id:7730
***level:4
type:child
term:Cell membrane
definition:A cellular compartment that separates a cellВ interiorВ from its exterior.
parent_id:7730
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Cellular membrane
term:Process
definition:Biological or chemical events, or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.
parent_id:
level:1
type:parent
term:Naturally occurring process
definition:Naturally-occurring molecular events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.
parent_id:7659
*level:2
type:parent
term:Biological process
definition:Biological or chemical events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product within an organism.
parent_id:7660
**level:3
type:parent
term:Biochemical process
definition:A biological process occurring at the subcellular level, involving biochemical reactions.
parent_id:7661
***level:4
type:parent
term:Chemical reaction
definition:A defined chemical event that occurs within or between organism cells.
parent_id:7661
***level:4
type:parent
term:Cellular process
definition:A biological process occurring within a cell or its surroundings.
parent_id:7661
***level:4
type:parent
term:Biochemical pathway
definition:A linked series of chemical reactions that occur in a defined order within or between organism cells, and lead to a known function or end product.
parent_id:7661
***level:4
type:parent
term:Role
definition:The purpose or function assumed by a chemical, either naturally or as intended by humans .
parent_id:
level:1
type:parent
term:Biological role
definition:The biological function of a chemical. the biological role answers the question how a chemical is involved in molecular processes in an organism. this can include biochemical effects of non-endogenous chemicals, which are also assigned an industrial application such as pharmaceuticals. the biological role is limited to cellular levls, and will not include role at system process level, such as a chemical which has a role in a disease.
parent_id:7671
*level:2
type:parent
term:Membrane stabilizer
definition:A chemical substance that supports the formation and maintenance of a structurally-sound and functioning cell or organelle membrane. Phospholipids form a bilayer and maintain the stability of the membrane structure together with proteins, and other lipids (i.e. cholesterol) which further strengthen it and decrease its permeability.
parent_id:7672
**level:3
type:child
synonym:Membrane stability agent
synonym:Membrane integrity agent
term:Energy source
definition:
parent_id:7672
**level:3
type:child
term:Energy storage
definition:A chemical substance which can be utilized for production of energy in the organism.
parent_id:7672
**level:3
type:child
term:Molecular messenger
definition: a chemical substance that is involved in transmission of biochemical signals.
parent_id:7672
**level:3
type:parent
term:Hormone
definition:Substances produces in animals or plant that regulate the activity of certain organs or control processes in other parts of the plant.
parent_id:7677
***level:4
type:child
term:Signaling molecule
definition:A chemical substance that particpiates in signal transduction processes in a living cell.
parent_id:7677
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Signalling molecule
synonym:Signaling agent
synonym:Cell signaling agent
term:Industrial application
definition:The assumed function of a chemical utilized by human.
parent_id:7671
*level:2
type:parent
term:Surfactant
definition:A chemical substance that has the ability to lower the surface tension of water or to reduce the interfacial tension between two immiscible substances. in the cspa consumer product ingredients dictionary, surfactants are classified on the basis of their ionic characteristics, as amphoteric, anionic, cationic, or nonionic; and functions, which are subdivided into the following major groups: surfactant - cleaning agent, surfactant - conditioning agent, surfactant - emulsifying agent, surfactant - foam booster , surfactant hydrotrop , surfactant - solubility agent, surfactant - suspending agent.
parent_id:7678
**level:3
type:child
synonym:Surface-active agent
term:Emulsifier
definition:Substances that promote the formation and stability of a suspension of fine particles of a liquid in another liquid.
parent_id:7678
**level:3
type:child
实验性质
1:
kind:water_solubility
value:0.0512 mg/mL at 37 °C
source:
2:
kind:logp
value:1.08
source:HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
3:
kind:melting_point
value:166.5 °C
source:
预测性质
1:
kind:logp
value:1.54
source:ALOGPS
2:
kind:logs
value:-3.39
source:ALOGPS
3:
kind:solubility
value:0.15 g/L
source:ALOGPS
4:
kind:logp
value:1.06
source:ChemAxon
5:
kind:pka_strongest_acidic
value:13.82
source:ChemAxon
6:
kind:pka_strongest_basic
value:-2.9
source:ChemAxon
7:
kind:iupac
value:(1S,2R,10S,11S,14S,15R,17S)-17-hydroxy-14-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-2-methyl-5-oxotetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-6-ene-15-carbaldehyde
source:ChemAxon
8:
kind:average_mass
value:360.444
source:ChemAxon
9:
kind:mono_mass
value:360.193674006
source:ChemAxon
10:
kind:smiles
value:[H][C@@]12CC[C@H](C(=O)CO)[C@]1(C[C@H](O)[C@@]1([H])[C@@]2([H])CCC2=CC(=O)CC[C@]12C)C=O
source:ChemAxon
11:
kind:formula
value:C21H28O5
source:ChemAxon
12:
kind:inchi
value:InChI=1S/C21H28O5/c1-20-7-6-13(24)8-12(20)2-3-14-15-4-5-16(18(26)10-22)21(15,11-23)9-17(25)19(14)20/h8,11,14-17,19,22,25H,2-7,9-10H2,1H3/t14-,15-,16+,17-,19+,20-,21+/m0/s1
source:ChemAxon
13:
kind:inchikey
value:PQSUYGKTWSAVDQ-ZVIOFETBSA-N
source:ChemAxon
14:
kind:polar_surface_area
value:91.67
source:ChemAxon
15:
kind:refractivity
value:96.79
source:ChemAxon
16:
kind:polarizability
value:38.82
source:ChemAxon
17:
kind:rotatable_bond_count
value:3
source:ChemAxon
18:
kind:acceptor_count
value:5
source:ChemAxon
19:
kind:donor_count
value:2
source:ChemAxon
20:
kind:physiological_charge
value:0
source:ChemAxon
21:
kind:formal_charge
value:0
source:ChemAxon
22:
kind:number_of_rings
value:4
source:ChemAxon
23:
kind:bioavailability
value:Yes
source:ChemAxon
24:
kind:rule_of_five
value:Yes
source:ChemAxon
25:
kind:ghose_filter
value:Yes
source:ChemAxon
26:
kind:veber_rule
value:No
source:ChemAxon
27:
kind:mddr_like_rule
value:No
source:ChemAxon
生物学性质
1:
cellular:(1):Cytoplasm
cellular:(2):Extracellular
cellular:(3):Membrane
cellular:(4):Mitochondria
2:
biospecimen:(1):Blood
biospecimen:(2):Saliva
biospecimen:(3):Urine
3:
tissue:(1):Adipose Tissue
tissue:(2):Adrenal Cortex
tissue:(3):Adrenal Gland
tissue:(4):Adrenal Medulla
tissue:(5):Fibroblasts
tissue:(6):Intestine
tissue:(7):Kidney
tissue:(8):Lung
tissue:(9):Neuron
tissue:(10):Pancreas
tissue:(11):Placenta
tissue:(12):Platelet
tissue:(13):Skeletal Muscle
tissue:(14):Testis
tissue:(15):Thyroid Gland
4:
[1]:
name:11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency (CYP11B1)
smpdb_id:SMP00575
kegg_map_id:
[2]:
name:17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency (CYP17)
smpdb_id:SMP00566
kegg_map_id:
[3]:
name:21-hydroxylase deficiency (CYP21)
smpdb_id:SMP00576
kegg_map_id:
[4]:
name:3-Beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency
smpdb_id:SMP00718
kegg_map_id:
[5]:
name:Adrenal Hyperplasia Type 3 or Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase Deficiency
smpdb_id:SMP00373
kegg_map_id:
[6]:
name:Adrenal Hyperplasia Type 5 or Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 17 Alpha-hydroxylase Deficiency
smpdb_id:SMP00372
kegg_map_id:
[7]:
name:Amiloride Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00133
kegg_map_id:
[8]:
name:Angiotensin Metabolism
smpdb_id:SMP00587
kegg_map_id:
[9]:
name:Apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome
smpdb_id:SMP00717
kegg_map_id:
[10]:
name:Benazepril Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00145
kegg_map_id:
[11]:
name:Bendroflumethiazide Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00090
kegg_map_id:
[12]:
name:Blue diaper syndrome
smpdb_id:SMP00583
kegg_map_id:
[13]:
name:Bumetanide Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00088
kegg_map_id:
[14]:
name:Candesartan Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00158
kegg_map_id:
[15]:
name:Captopril Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00146
kegg_map_id:
[16]:
name:Chlorothiazide Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00078
kegg_map_id:
[17]:
name:Chlorthalidone Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00122
kegg_map_id:
[18]:
name:Cilazapril Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00147
kegg_map_id:
[19]:
name:Congenital Lipoid Adrenal Hyperplasia (CLAH) or Lipoid CAH
smpdb_id:SMP00371
kegg_map_id:
[20]:
name:Corticosterone methyl oxidase I deficiency (CMO I)
smpdb_id:SMP00577
kegg_map_id:
[21]:
name:Corticosterone methyl oxidase II deficiency - CMO II
smpdb_id:SMP00578
kegg_map_id:
[22]:
name:Cyclothiazide Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00103
kegg_map_id:
[23]:
name:Cystinuria
smpdb_id:SMP00723
kegg_map_id:
[24]:
name:Enalapril Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00148
kegg_map_id:
[25]:
name:Eplerenone Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00135
kegg_map_id:
[26]:
name:Eprosartan Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00159
kegg_map_id:
[27]:
name:Ethacrynic Acid Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00097
kegg_map_id:
[28]:
name:Forasartan Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00160
kegg_map_id:
[29]:
name:Fosinopril Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00149
kegg_map_id:
[30]:
name:Furosemide Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00115
kegg_map_id:
[31]:
name:Glucose Transporter Defect (SGLT2)
smpdb_id:SMP00184
kegg_map_id:
[32]:
name:Hartnup Disorder
smpdb_id:SMP00189
kegg_map_id:
[33]:
name:Hydrochlorothiazide Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00100
kegg_map_id:
[34]:
name:Hydroflumethiazide Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00108
kegg_map_id:
[35]:
name:Iminoglycinuria
smpdb_id:SMP00193
kegg_map_id:
[36]:
name:Indapamide Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00110
kegg_map_id:
[37]:
name:Irbesartan Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00161
kegg_map_id:
[38]:
name:Kidney Function
smpdb_id:SMP00483
kegg_map_id:
[39]:
name:Lisinopril Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00150
kegg_map_id:
[40]:
name:Losartan Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00162
kegg_map_id:
[41]:
name:Lysinuric Protein Intolerance
smpdb_id:SMP00197
kegg_map_id:
[42]:
name:Lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI)
smpdb_id:SMP00585
kegg_map_id:
[43]:
name:Methyclothiazide Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00081
kegg_map_id:
[44]:
name:Metolazone Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00105
kegg_map_id:
[45]:
name:Moexipril Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00151
kegg_map_id:
[46]:
name:Olmesartan Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00163
kegg_map_id:
[47]:
name:Perindopril Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00152
kegg_map_id:
[48]:
name:Polythiazide Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00080
kegg_map_id:
[49]:
name:Quinapril Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00153
kegg_map_id:
[50]:
name:Quinethazone Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00091
kegg_map_id:
[51]:
name:Ramipril Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00154
kegg_map_id:
[52]:
name:Rescinnamine Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00155
kegg_map_id:
[53]:
name:Spirapril Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00156
kegg_map_id:
[54]:
name:Spironolactone Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00134
kegg_map_id:
[55]:
name:Steroidogenesis
smpdb_id:SMP00130
kegg_map_id:map00140
[56]:
name:Telmisartan Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00164
kegg_map_id:
[57]:
name:Temocapril Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00733
kegg_map_id:
[58]:
name:Torsemide Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00118
kegg_map_id:
[59]:
name:Trandolapril Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00157
kegg_map_id:
[60]:
name:Triamterene Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00132
kegg_map_id:
[61]:
name:Trichlormethiazide Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00121
kegg_map_id:
[62]:
name:Valsartan Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00165
kegg_map_id:
正常浓度
1:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.000139-0.00486
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)
subject_sex:Female
subject_condition:Normal
2:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.000026 (0.000008 - 0.000044)
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
3:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.00011 (0.000055 - 0.002)
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
4:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.000194-0.00305
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Not Specified
subject_sex:Not Specified
subject_condition:Normal
5:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.00005549-0.000361
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Adolescent (13-18 years old)
subject_sex:Not Specified
subject_condition:Normal
6:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.000282 +/- 0.000037
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Elderly (>65 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
7:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.000263 +/- 0.000014
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
8:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.00042 +/- 0.00004
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Elderly (>65 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
9:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.000055 - 0.000500
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Female
subject_condition:Normal
10:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:<0.000444
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Not Specified
subject_sex:Not Specified
subject_condition:Normal
11:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.000106-0.000869
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)
subject_sex:Not Specified
subject_condition:Normal
12:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.00002774-0.000444
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)
subject_sex:Not Specified
subject_condition:Normal
13:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.000139-0.00250
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)
subject_sex:Not Specified
subject_condition:Normal
14:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.0000010-0.00000666
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Not Specified
subject_sex:Female
subject_condition:Normal
15:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.000391-0.00309
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
16:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:<0.000860
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Not Specified
subject_sex:Not Specified
subject_condition:Normal
17:
biospecimen:Saliva
concentration_value:<1.00
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
18:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.01 (0.006-0.014)
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
19:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.000129-0.00203
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)
subject_sex:Not Specified
subject_condition:Normal
20:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.000129-0.00407
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)
subject_sex:Not Specified
subject_condition:Normal
异常浓度
1:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.0416
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)
patient_sex:Female
patient_information:Bartter Syndrome, Type 4B, Neonatal, With Sensorineural Deafness
2:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.0204-0.0735
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)
patient_sex:Female
patient_information:Bartter Syndrome, Type 4B, Neonatal, With Sensorineural Deafness
3:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.0013
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Adolescent (13-18 years old)
patient_sex:Female
patient_information:Renal tubular acidosis, proximal, with ocular abnormalities and mental retardation
4:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.00041 +/- 0.00005
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)
patient_sex:Both
patient_information:Heart failure
5:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:>0.00333
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)
patient_sex:Female
patient_information:Bartter Syndrome, Type 2, Antenatal
6:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.000145-0.00499
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Infant (0-1 year old)
patient_sex:Both
patient_information:Congenital chloride diarrhea
7:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.0000777
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Infant (0-1 year old)
patient_sex:Female
patient_information:Corticosterone methyloxidase I deficiency- CMO I
8:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.000011
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Adolescent (13-18 years old)
patient_sex:Female
patient_information:Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency
9:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:<0.000069
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)
patient_sex:Male
patient_information:Glucocorticoid resistance
10:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:<0.000069
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Infant (0-1 year old)
patient_sex:Female
patient_information:Lipoid Adrenal Hyperplasia
11:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.000454
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Infant (0-1 year old)
patient_sex:Not Specified
patient_information:Bartter Syndrome, Type 4A, Neonatal, with Sensorineural Deafness
12:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:>0.00415
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)
patient_sex:Female
patient_information:Bartter Syndrome, Type 4A, Neonatal, with Sensorineural Deafness
13:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.000233 +/- 0.000040
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)
patient_sex:Both
patient_information:Heart failure
14:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.00361
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)
patient_sex:Female
patient_information:Bartter Syndrome, Type 1, Antenatal
15:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.00155
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)
patient_sex:Male
patient_information:Bartter Syndrome, Type 4A, Neonatal, with Sensorineural Deafness
16:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.000128
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)
patient_sex:Female
patient_information:Adrenal insufficiency, congenital, with 46,XY sex reversal, partial or complete
17:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.0000555
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
patient_age:Infant (0-1 year old)
patient_sex:Female
patient_information:Lipoid Adrenal Hyperplasia
疾病参考
1:
name:Heart failure
omim_id:
[1]:
reference_text:Norrelund H, Wiggers H, Halbirk M, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A, Botker HE, Schmitz O, Jorgensen JO, Christiansen JS, Moller N: Abnormalities of whole body protein turnover, muscle metabolism and levels of metabolic hormones in patients with chronic heart failure. J Intern Med. 2006 Jul;260(1):11-21.
pubmed_id:16789974
[2]:
reference_text:Ferreira A, Bettencourt P, Pestana M, Correia F, Serrao P, Martins L, Cerqueira-Gomes M, Soares-Da-Silva P: Heart failure, aging, and renal synthesis of dopamine. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001 Sep;38(3):502-9.
pubmed_id:11532681
[3]:
reference_text:Adams KF Jr, Gheorghiade M, Uretsky BF, Patterson JH, Schwartz TA, Young JB: Clinical benefits of low serum digoxin concentrations in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Mar 20;39(6):946-53.
pubmed_id:11897434
[4]:
reference_text:Bhagavan HN, Chopra RK: Plasma coenzyme Q10 response to oral ingestion of coenzyme Q10 formulations. Mitochondrion. 2007 Jun;7 Suppl:S78-88. Epub 2007 Mar 27.
pubmed_id:17482886
[5]:
reference_text:Kang SM, Park JC, Shin MJ, Lee H, Oh J, Ryu DH, Hwang GS, Chung JH: (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance based metabolic urinary profiling of patients with ischemic heart failure. Clin Biochem. 2011 Mar;44(4):293-9. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.11.010. Epub 2010 Dec 15.
pubmed_id:21167146
2:
name:Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, due to 17-Hydroxylase-Deficiency
omim_id:202110
[1]:
reference_text:Wong SL, Shu SG, Tsai CR: Seventeen alpha-hydroxylase deficiency. J Formos Med Assoc. 2006 Feb;105(2):177-81. doi: 10.1016/S0929-6646(09)60342-9.
pubmed_id:16477341
[2]:
reference_text:Kim SM, Rhee JH: A case of 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency. Clin Exp Reprod Med. 2015 Jun;42(2):72-6. doi: 10.5653/cerm.2015.42.2.72. Epub 2015 Jun 30.
pubmed_id:26161337
3:
name:Bartter Syndrome, Type 4A, Neonatal, with Sensorineural Deafness
omim_id:602522
[1]:
reference_text:Zaffanello M, Taranta A, Palma A, Bettinelli A, Marseglia GL, Emma F: Type IV Bartter syndrome: report of two new cases. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006 Jun;21(6):766-70. doi: 10.1007/s00467-006-0090-x. Epub 2006 Apr 1.
pubmed_id:16583241
[2]:
reference_text:Heilberg IP, Totoli C, Calado JT: Adult presentation of Bartter syndrome type IV with erythrocytosis. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2015 Oct-Dec;13(4):604-6. doi: 10.1590/S1679-45082015RC3013. Epub 2015 Oct 30.
pubmed_id:26537508
4:
name:Bartter Syndrome, Type 1, Antenatal
omim_id:601678
[1]:
reference_text:Adachi M, Asakura Y, Sato Y, Tajima T, Nakajima T, Yamamoto T, Fujieda K: Novel SLC12A1 (NKCC2) mutations in two families with Bartter syndrome type 1. Endocr J. 2007 Dec;54(6):1003-7. Epub 2007 Nov 12.
pubmed_id:17998760
5:
name:Adrenal insufficiency, congenital, with 46,XY sex reversal, partial or complete
omim_id:613743
[1]:
reference_text:Kim CJ, Lin L, Huang N, Quigley CA, AvRuskin TW, Achermann JC, Miller WL: Severe combined adrenal and gonadal deficiency caused by novel mutations in the cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme, P450scc. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Mar;93(3):696-702. doi: 10.1210/jc.2007-2330. Epub 2008 Jan 8.
pubmed_id:18182448
6:
name:Bartter Syndrome, Type 2, Antenatal
omim_id:241200
[1]:
reference_text:Chan WK, To KF, Tong JH, Law CW: Paradoxical hypertension and salt wasting in Type II Bartter syndrome. Clin Kidney J. 2012 Jun;5(3):217-20. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfs026. Epub 2012 Mar 29.
pubmed_id:26069767
7:
name:Bartter Syndrome, Type 4B, Neonatal, With Sensorineural Deafness
omim_id:613090
[1]:
reference_text:Nozu K, Inagaki T, Fu XJ, Nozu Y, Kaito H, Kanda K, Sekine T, Igarashi T, Nakanishi K, Yoshikawa N, Iijima K, Matsuo M: Molecular analysis of digenic inheritance in Bartter syndrome with sensorineural deafness. J Med Genet. 2008 Mar;45(3):182-6. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2007.052944.
pubmed_id:18310267
8:
name:Renal tubular acidosis, proximal, with ocular abnormalities and mental retardation
omim_id:604278
[1]:
reference_text:Igarashi T, Ishii T, Watanabe K, Hayakawa H, Horio K, Sone Y, Ohga K: Persistent isolated proximal renal tubular acidosis--a systemic disease with a distinct clinical entity. Pediatr Nephrol. 1994 Feb;8(1):70-1.
pubmed_id:8142230
9:
name:Congenital chloride diarrhea
omim_id:214700
[1]:
reference_text:Lubani MM, Doudin KI, Sharda DC, Shaltout AA, al-Shab TS, Abdul Al YK, Said MA, Salhi MM, Ahmed SA: Congenital chloride diarrhoea in Kuwaiti children. Eur J Pediatr. 1989 Jan;148(4):333-6.
pubmed_id:2651131
[2]:
reference_text:Choi M, Scholl UI, Ji W, Liu T, Tikhonova IR, Zumbo P, Nayir A, Bakkaloglu A, Ozen S, Sanjad S, Nelson-Williams C, Farhi A, Mane S, Lifton RP: Genetic diagnosis by whole exome capture and massively parallel DNA sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Nov 10;106(45):19096-101. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0910672106. Epub 2009 Oct 27.
pubmed_id:19861545
10:
name:Corticosterone methyl oxidase I deficiency
omim_id:203400
[1]:
reference_text:Ustyol A, Atabek ME, Taylor N, Yeung MC, Chan AO: Corticosterone Methyl Oxidase Deficiency Type 1 with Normokalemia in an Infant. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2016 Sep 1;8(3):356-9. doi: 10.4274/jcrpe.2824. Epub 2016 Apr 29.
pubmed_id:27125267
11:
name:Glucocorticoid resistance
omim_id:615962
[1]:
reference_text:Donner KM, Hiltunen TP, Janne OA, Sane T, Kontula K: Generalized glucocorticoid resistance caused by a novel two-nucleotide deletion in the hormone-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor gene NR3C1. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012 Dec 10;168(1):K9-K18. doi: 10.1530/EJE-12-0532. Print 2013 Jan.
pubmed_id:23076843
12:
name:Lipoid Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
omim_id:201710
[1]:
reference_text:Fujieda K, Tajima T, Nakae J, Sageshima S, Tachibana K, Suwa S, Sugawara T, Strauss JF 3rd: Spontaneous puberty in 46,XX subjects with congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia. Ovarian steroidogenesis is spared to some extent despite inactivating mutations in the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) gene. J Clin Invest. 1997 Mar 15;99(6):1265-71. doi: 10.1172/JCI119284.
pubmed_id:9077535
[2]:
reference_text:Hauffa BP, Miller WL, Grumbach MM, Conte FA, Kaplan SL: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to deficient cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity (20, 22-desmolase) in a patient treated for 18 years. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1985 Nov;23(5):481-93.
pubmed_id:3841304
综合参考
Bear, Brian R.; Parnes, Jason S.; Shea, Kenneth J. Progress toward the Total Synthesis of (+)-Aldosterone: Synthesis of the A-D Rings. Organic Letters (2003), 5(10), 1613-1616.
一般参考
1:
protein_accession:HMDBP00445
name:Cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial
uniprot_id:P15538
gene_name:CYP11B1
protein_type:Unknown
2:
protein_accession:HMDBP00550
name:3-oxo-5-beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenase
uniprot_id:P51857
gene_name:AKR1D1
protein_type:Enzyme
3:
protein_accession:HMDBP01258
name:Serine/threonine-protein kinase Sgk1
uniprot_id:O00141
gene_name:SGK1
protein_type:Unknown
4:
protein_accession:HMDBP01456
name:Epidermal growth factor receptor
uniprot_id:P00533
gene_name:EGFR
protein_type:Enzyme
5:
protein_accession:HMDBP01471
name:Serine/threonine-protein kinase D1
uniprot_id:Q15139
gene_name:PRKD1
protein_type:Unknown
6:
protein_accession:HMDBP02074
name:Fibronectin
uniprot_id:P02751
gene_name:FN1
protein_type:Enzyme
7:
protein_accession:HMDBP02137
name:Natriuretic peptides B
uniprot_id:P16860
gene_name:NPPB
protein_type:Enzyme
8:
protein_accession:HMDBP02161
name:Connective tissue growth factor
uniprot_id:P29279
gene_name:CTGF
protein_type:Enzyme
9:
protein_accession:HMDBP02164
name:Type-1 angiotensin II receptor
uniprot_id:P30556
gene_name:AGTR1
protein_type:Unknown
10:
protein_accession:HMDBP02638
name:Mineralocorticoid receptor
uniprot_id:P08235
gene_name:NR3C2
protein_type:Unknown
11:
protein_accession:HMDBP02753
name:ADM
uniprot_id:P35318
gene_name:ADM
protein_type:Enzyme
12:
protein_accession:HMDBP02789
name:Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP4 subtype
uniprot_id:P35408
gene_name:PTGER4
protein_type:Enzyme
13:
protein_accession:HMDBP05268
name:Cytochrome P450 11B2, mitochondrial
uniprot_id:P19099
gene_name:CYP11B2
protein_type:Unknown
14:
protein_accession:HMDBP08480
name:Melanophilin
uniprot_id:Q9BV36
gene_name:MLPH
protein_type:Unknown
蛋白质结合
1:
reference_text:Funder JW: The nongenomic actions of aldosterone. Endocr Rev. 2005 May;26(3):313-21. Epub 2005 Apr 6.
pubmed_id:15814845
2:
reference_text:Shima H, Kawanaka H, Yabumoto Y, Okamoto E, Ikoma F: A case of 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency with chromosomal karyotype 46,XY and high plasma aldosterone concentration. Int Urol Nephrol. 1991;23(6):611-8.
pubmed_id:1769794
3:
reference_text:Rosendahl W, Konig M, Haack D, Vecsei P, Lewicka S: [Variability of corticosterone methyl oxidase (type II) deficiency. Presentation of three case reports]. Klin Padiatr. 1993 May-Jun;205(3):180-4.
pubmed_id:8350592
4:
reference_text:Christ M, Zange J, Janson CP, Muller K, Kuklinski P, Schmidt BM, Tillmann HC, Gerzer R, Wehling M: Hypoxia modulates rapid effects of aldosterone on oxidative metabolism in human calf muscle. J Endocrinol Invest. 2001 Sep;24(8):587-97.
pubmed_id:11686541
5:
reference_text:Lijnen P, Petrov V: Induction of cardiac fibrosis by aldosterone. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2000 Jun;32(6):865-79.
pubmed_id:10888242
6:
reference_text:du Cheyron D, Lesage A, Daubin C, Ramakers M, Charbonneau P: Hyperreninemic hypoaldosteronism: a possible etiological factor of septic shock-induced acute renal failure. Intensive Care Med. 2003 Oct;29(10):1703-9. Epub 2003 Aug 28.
pubmed_id:14551679
7:
reference_text:Laskowska M, Leszczynska-Gorzelak B, Laskowska K, Oleszczuk J: Evaluation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia with and without intrauterine growth retardation. Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska Med. 2004;59(2):451-6.
pubmed_id:16146128
8:
reference_text:Few JD, Chaudry S, James VH: The direct determination of aldosterone in human saliva. J Steroid Biochem. 1984 Jul;21(1):87-92.
pubmed_id:6748658
9:
reference_text:Cicoira M, Zanolla L, Franceschini L, Rossi A, Golia G, Zeni P, Caruso B, Zardini P: Relation of aldosterone "escape" despite angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor administration to impaired exercise capacity in chronic congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2002 Feb 15;89(4):403-7.
pubmed_id:11835920
10:
reference_text:Goodfriend TL, Kelley DE, Goodpaster BH, Winters SJ: Visceral obesity and insulin resistance are associated with plasma aldosterone levels in women. Obes Res. 1999 Jul;7(4):355-62.
pubmed_id:10440591
11:
reference_text:Lewicka S, Vecsei P, Bige K, Fisher T, Winter J, Abdelhamid S, Heinrich U, Bokkenheuser VD: Urinary excretion of aldosterone metabolite Kelly-M1 in patients with adrenal dysfunction. J Steroid Biochem. 1988 Mar;29(3):333-9.
pubmed_id:3258645
12:
reference_text:Heindl S, Holzschneider J, Hinz A, Sayk F, Fehm HL, Dodt C: Acute effects of aldosterone on the autonomic nervous system and the baroreflex function in healthy humans. J Neuroendocrinol. 2006 Feb;18(2):115-21.
pubmed_id:16420280
13:
reference_text:Engeli S, Bohnke J, Gorzelniak K, Janke J, Schling P, Bader M, Luft FC, Sharma AM: Weight loss and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Hypertension. 2005 Mar;45(3):356-62. Epub 2005 Jan 3.
pubmed_id:15630041
14:
reference_text:Velazquez H, Perazella MA, Wright FS, Ellison DH: Renal mechanism of trimethoprim-induced hyperkalemia. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Aug 15;119(4):296-301.
pubmed_id:8328738
15:
reference_text:Touger L, Joseph M, Hasan KS: Hypertension in a patient with aldosterone deficiency. Endocr Pract. 2005 Mar-Apr;11(2):104-7.
pubmed_id:15901525
16:
reference_text:Summa V, Camargo SM, Bauch C, Zecevic M, Verrey F: Isoform specificity of human Na(+), K(+)-ATPase localization and aldosterone regulation in mouse kidney cells. J Physiol. 2004 Mar 1;555(Pt 2):355-64. Epub 2003 Dec 23.
pubmed_id:14694143
17:
reference_text:Fox CS, Larson MG, Hwang SJ, Leip EP, Rifai N, Levy D, Benjamin EJ, Murabito JM, Meigs JB, Vasan RS: Cross-sectional relations of serum aldosterone and urine sodium excretion to urinary albumin excretion in a community-based sample. Kidney Int. 2006 Jun;69(11):2064-9.
pubmed_id:16572107
18:
reference_text:Badalian SS, Mikhailov AV: [Characteristics of the renin-aldosterone system of the fetoplacental complex in fetal erythroblastosis]. Akush Ginekol (Mosk). 1990 May;(5):55-8.
pubmed_id:2118736
19:
reference_text:Tanemoto M, Abe T, Obara N, Abe M, Satoh F, Ito S: Successful treatment of severe hypertension with the combination of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor blocker. Hypertens Res. 2003 Oct;26(10):863-8.
pubmed_id:14621191
20:
reference_text:Pitt B, Stier CT Jr, Rajagopalan S: Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade: new insights into the mechanism of action in patients with cardiovascular disease. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2003 Sep;4(3):164-8.
pubmed_id:14608520
21:
reference_text:Simons K, Toomre D: Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;1(1):31-9.
pubmed_id:11413487
22:
reference_text:Watson AD: Thematic review series: systems biology approaches to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Lipidomics: a global approach to lipid analysis in biological systems. J Lipid Res. 2006 Oct;47(10):2101-11. Epub 2006 Aug 10.
pubmed_id:16902246
23:
reference_text:Sethi JK, Vidal-Puig AJ: Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. Adipose tissue function and plasticity orchestrate nutritional adaptation. J Lipid Res. 2007 Jun;48(6):1253-62. Epub 2007 Mar 20.
pubmed_id:17374880
24:
reference_text:Lingwood D, Simons K: Lipid rafts as a membrane-organizing principle. Science. 2010 Jan 1;327(5961):46-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1174621.
pubmed_id:20044567
25:
reference_text:The lipid handbook with CD-ROM