人类代谢组数据库

版本

5.0

创建日期

2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC

更新日期

2021-09-14 14:57:08 UTC

登录号

HMDB0000033

地位

quantified

二级访问

HMDB00033

名称

Carnosine

描述

Carnosine, which is also known as beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is a dipeptide consisting of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. It is found exclusively in animal tissues and is naturally produced in the body by the liver. Carnosine has a pKa value of 6.83, making it a good buffer for the pH range of animal muscles. Since beta-alanine is a non-proteogenic amino acid and is not incorporated into proteins, carnosine can be stored at relatively high concentrations (millimolar) in muscles, with concentrations as high as 17‚Äì25 mmol/kg (dry muscle). Carnosine is also highly concentrated in brain tissues. Carnosine has been shown to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as alpha-beta unsaturated aldehydes formed from peroxidation of fatty acids during oxidative stress. The antioxidant mechanism of carnosine is attributed to its chelating effect against divalent metal ions, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, as well as its ROS and free radicals scavenging ability (PMID: 16406688). Carnosine also buffers muscle cells, and acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. Carnosine has the potential to suppress many of the biochemical changes that accompany ageing (e.g. protein oxidation, glycation, AGE formation, and cross-linking) and associated pathologies (PMID: 16804013). Some autistic patients take carnosine as a dietary supplement and attribute an improvement in their condition to it. Supplemental carnosine may increase corticosterone levels. This may explain the "hyperactivity" seen in autistic subjects at higher doses. A positive association between muscle tissue carnosine concentration and exercise performance has been found. Œ≤-Alanine supplementation is thought increase exercise performance by promoting carnosine production in muscle. Exercise has conversely been found to increase muscle carnosine concentrations, and muscle carnosine content is higher in athletes engaging in anaerobic exercise. Carnosine is also a biomarker for the consumption of meat. Elevated levels of urinary and plasma carnosine are associated with carnosinuria (also known as carnosinemia), which is an inborn error of metabolism. caused by a deficiency of the enzyme carnosinase. Carnosinas cleaves carnosine into its constituent amino acids: Œ≤-Alanine and histidine. Carnonsinemia results in an excess of carnosine in the urine, cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and nervous tissue. A variety of neurological symptoms have been associated with carnosinemia. They include: hypotonia, developmental delay, mental retardation, degeneration of axons, sensory neuropathy, tremors, demyelinization, gray matter anomalies, myoclonic seizures, and loss of purkinje fibers.

同义词

1:Nalpha-(beta-alanyl)-L-histidine

2:Nalpha-(b-alanyl)-L-histidine

3:Nalpha-(β-alanyl)-L-histidine

4:b-Alanyl-L-histidine

5:b-Alanylhistidine

6:beta-Alanyl-L-histidine

7:beta-Alanylhistidine

8:Ignotine

9:Karnozin

10:Karnozzn

11:L-Carnosine

12:N-(3-Aminopropanoyl)histidine

13:N-(b-Alanyl)-L-histidine

14:N-b-Alanyl-L-histidine

15:N-beta-Alanyl-L-histidine

16:Sevitin

17:Carnosine, (D-his)-isomer

18:Hydrochloride, carnosine

19:L Carnosine

20:Carnosine hydrochloride

21:beta Alanylhistidine

化学式

C9H14N4O3

平均分子量

226.2325

等位分子量

226.106590334

化学名称

(2S)-2-(3-aminopropanamido)-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid

传统名称

β-alanyl-L-histidine

CAS 登记号

305-84-0

代谢物结构字符串

NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1)C(O)=O

inchi标识符

InChI=1S/C9H14N4O3/c10-2-1-8(14)13-7(9(15)16)3-6-4-11-5-12-6/h4-5,7H,1-3,10H2,(H,11,12)(H,13,14)(H,15,16)/t7-/m0/s1

印记键

CQOVPNPJLQNMDC-ZETCQYMHSA-N

分类学

description: belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hybrid peptides. Hybrid peptides are compounds containing at least two different types of amino acids (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) linked to each other through a peptide bond.

description:Hybrid peptides

kingdom:Organic compounds

super_class:Organic acids and derivatives

class:Peptidomimetics

sub_class:Hybrid peptides

molecular_framework:Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds

1:Amino acids

2:Azacyclic compounds

3:Beta amino acids and derivatives

4:Carbonyl compounds

5:Carboxylic acids

6:Heteroaromatic compounds

7:Histidine and derivatives

8:Hydrocarbon derivatives

9:Imidazolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives

10:Monoalkylamines

11:Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives

12:N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acids

13:Organic oxides

14:Organopnictogen compounds

15:Secondary carboxylic acid amides

16:Alpha-amino acid or derivatives

17:Amine

18:Amino acid

19:Amino acid or derivatives

20:Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound

21:Azacycle

22:Azole

23:Beta amino acid or derivatives

24:Carbonyl group

25:Carboxamide group

26:Carboxylic acid

27:Carboxylic acid derivative

28:Heteroaromatic compound

29:Histidine or derivatives

30:Hybrid peptide

31:Hydrocarbon derivative

32:Imidazole

33:Imidazolyl carboxylic acid derivative

34:Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives

35:N-acyl-alpha amino acid or derivatives

36:N-acyl-alpha-amino acid

37:N-acyl-l-alpha-amino acid

38:Organic nitrogen compound

39:Organic oxide

40:Organic oxygen compound

41:Organoheterocyclic compound

42:Organonitrogen compound

43:Organooxygen compound

44:Organopnictogen compound

45:Primary aliphatic amine

46:Primary amine

47:Secondary carboxylic acid amide

48:dipeptide

本体论

term:Physiological effect

definition:The effect on an organism physiology, resulting from its exposure to a chemical.

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Health effect

definition:A health condition or observation associated with a stimuli or with a biological activity of a chemical.

parent_id:7693

*level:2

type:parent

term:Health condition

definition:A health effect that consists on short or long-term disease, condition, disorder, syndrome or constant abnormality.

parent_id:7694

**level:3

type:parent

term:Metabolism and nutrition disorders

definition:A group of disorders, inherited or not, that result in a metabolic malfunction.

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:parent

term:Disposition

definition:A concept that describes the origin of a chemical, its location within an organism, or its route of exposure.

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Route of exposure

definition:A mean by which a chemical agent comes in contact with an organism, either under intended or unintended circumstances.

parent_id:7724

*level:2

type:parent

term:Enteral

definition:Chemical exposure via the alimentary canal (mouth to anus).

parent_id:7743

**level:3

type:parent

term:Ingestion

definition:Chemical exposure facilitated by entry through the mouth.

parent_id:7744

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Digestion

term:Source

definition:Natural or synthetic origin of a chemical.

parent_id:7724

*level:2

type:parent

term:Endogenous

definition:

parent_id:7735

**level:3

type:child

term:Food

definition:

parent_id:7735

**level:3

type:child

term:Synthetic

definition:A man-made product or sample in which a chemical can be found.

parent_id:7735

**level:3

type:parent

term:Personal care product

definition:

parent_id:7742

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Pcp

synonym:Toiletries

synonym:Toiletry

synonym:Personal hygiene

synonym:Beautification product

term:Biological

definition:A living organism (species or a higher taxonomy rank), in which a chemical can be found.

parent_id:7735

**level:3

type:parent

term:Animal

definition:A living organism belonging to the kingdom animalia. it feeds on organic matter, typically having specialized sense organs and nervous system and able to respond rapidly to stimuli.

parent_id:7736

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Fauna

term:Plant

definition:A living organism belonging to the kingdom plantea. typically, it grows in a permanent site, absorbs water and inorganic substances through its roots, and synthesizes nutrients in its leaves by photosynthesis using the green pigment chlorophyll. examples incude trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses.

parent_id:7736

***level:4

type:parent

synonym:Flora

term:Biological location

definition:The physiological origin within an organism, including anatomical compnents, biofluids and excreta.

parent_id:7724

*level:2

type:parent

term:Tissue and substructures

definition:An anatomical organizational level including multiple cells yet not comprising a complete organ .

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Skeletal muscle

definition:Striated muscles that are under voluntary control of the organism. they are connected at either or both ends to a bone and are utilized for locomotion and other movements. (nci).

parent_id:7729

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Striated muscle

term:Muscle

definition:A fibrous soft tissue with the ability to contract to produce force and motion. (nci).

parent_id:7729

***level:4

type:child

term:Placenta

definition:An organ present in some vertebrates during embryonic gestation that surrounds the fetus and provides it with nutrients and oxygen, facilitates gas and waste exchange between the fetus and mother, and provides parasitic cloaking from the mother's immune system by excretion of neurokinin b. (nci).

parent_id:7729

***level:4

type:child

term:Cell and elements

definition:An anatomical organizational level comprising of a single cell (or a fragment in some exceptions). a cell is defined by its type or function. it is the smallest unit of living structure capable of independent existence, composed of a membrane-enclosed mass of protoplasm and containing a nucleus or nucleoid.

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Cell

definition:

parent_id:7732

***level:4

type:parent

term:Organ and components

definition:An anatomical organizational level including multiple tissues or substructures, which enables a common biological function.

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Intestine

definition:The portion of the gastrointestinal tract that includes the small and large intestines.

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Brain

definition:An organ composed of grey and white matter that is the center for intelligence and reasoning. it is protected by the bony cranium. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Liver

definition:An abdominal organ that has variable lobation which are composed mainly of hepatic lobules. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Kidney

definition:The organs of the urinary tract located in the retroperitoneal cavity adjacent to the spine and composed of the renal cortex and the renal medulla. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Kidneys

term:Biofluid and excreta

definition:A liquid, semi-solid or solid material originating in the body.

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Saliva

definition:The watery fluid in the mouth made by the salivary glands. saliva moistens food to help digestion and it helps protect the mouth against infections. (nci).

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

term:Feces

definition:The material discharged from the bowel during defecation. It consists of undigested food, intestinal mucus, epithelial cells, and bacteria.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Fecal

synonym:Stool

synonym:Faecal

synonym:Faeces

term:Urine

definition:Excretion in liquid state processed by the kidney.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

term:Blood

definition:A liquid tissue with the primary function of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide (nci). it supplies the tissues with nutrients, removes waste products, and contains various components of the immune system defending the body against infection.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

term:Subcellular

definition:An anatomical organizational level including a component within a biological cell .

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Cytoplasm

definition:The portion of the cell contained within the plasma membrane but excluding the nucleus.

parent_id:7730

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Cytoplasma

term:Process

definition:Biological or chemical events, or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Naturally occurring process

definition:Naturally-occurring molecular events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.

parent_id:7659

*level:2

type:parent

term:Biological process

definition:Biological or chemical events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product within an organism.

parent_id:7660

**level:3

type:parent

term:Biochemical pathway

definition:A linked series of chemical reactions that occur in a defined order within or between organism cells, and lead to a known function or end product.

parent_id:7661

***level:4

type:parent

term:Role

definition:The purpose or function assumed by a chemical, either naturally or as intended by humans .

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Biological role

definition:The biological function of a chemical. the biological role answers the question how a chemical is involved in molecular processes in an organism. this can include biochemical effects of non-endogenous chemicals, which are also assigned an industrial application such as pharmaceuticals. the biological role is limited to cellular levls, and will not include role at system process level, such as a chemical which has a role in a disease.

parent_id:7671

*level:2

type:parent

term:Antioxidant

definition:a chemical substance that is used to maintain the quality, integrity, and safety of finished products by inhibiting the oxidative degradation of the ingredients in the formulation. Also referred to as a preservative

parent_id:7672

**level:3

type:child

synonym:Anti-oxidant

term:Industrial application

definition:The assumed function of a chemical utilized by human.

parent_id:7671

*level:2

type:parent

term:Personal care products

definition:Cosmetics and personal hygene products in which a chemical was incorportaed during the manufacturing process.

parent_id:7678

**level:3

type:child

term:Pharmaceutical industry

definition:A pharmacologic activity for which a chemical substance is utilized owing to its biological role.

parent_id:7678

**level:3

type:parent

term:Pharmaceutical

definition:

parent_id:7679

***level:4

type:child

term:Anticonvulsant

definition:

parent_id:7679

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Anti convulsant

synonym:Anti-convulsant

term:Antineoplastic agent

definition:

parent_id:7679

***level:4

type:parent

状态

Solid

实验性质

kind:water_solubility

value:384 mg/mL

source:

kind:melting_point

value:253 - 256 °C

source:

预测性质

kind:logp

value:-2.96

source:ALOGPS

kind:logs

value:-1.31

source:ALOGPS

kind:solubility

value:11.1 g/L

source:ALOGPS

kind:logp

value:-4.5

source:ChemAxon

kind:pka_strongest_acidic

value:3.37

source:ChemAxon

kind:pka_strongest_basic

value:9.13

source:ChemAxon

kind:iupac

value:(2S)-2-(3-aminopropanamido)-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid

source:ChemAxon

kind:average_mass

value:226.2325

source:ChemAxon

kind:mono_mass

value:226.106590334

source:ChemAxon

10:

kind:smiles

value:NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1)C(O)=O

source:ChemAxon

11:

kind:formula

value:C9H14N4O3

source:ChemAxon

12:

kind:inchi

value:InChI=1S/C9H14N4O3/c10-2-1-8(14)13-7(9(15)16)3-6-4-11-5-12-6/h4-5,7H,1-3,10H2,(H,11,12)(H,13,14)(H,15,16)/t7-/m0/s1

source:ChemAxon

13:

kind:inchikey

value:CQOVPNPJLQNMDC-ZETCQYMHSA-N

source:ChemAxon

14:

kind:polar_surface_area

value:121.1

source:ChemAxon

15:

kind:refractivity

value:55.56

source:ChemAxon

16:

kind:polarizability

value:22.37

source:ChemAxon

17:

kind:rotatable_bond_count

value:6

source:ChemAxon

18:

kind:acceptor_count

value:5

source:ChemAxon

19:

kind:donor_count

value:4

source:ChemAxon

20:

kind:physiological_charge

value:1

source:ChemAxon

21:

kind:formal_charge

value:0

source:ChemAxon

22:

kind:number_of_rings

value:1

source:ChemAxon

23:

kind:bioavailability

value:Yes

source:ChemAxon

24:

kind:rule_of_five

value:Yes

source:ChemAxon

25:

kind:ghose_filter

value:No

source:ChemAxon

26:

kind:veber_rule

value:No

source:ChemAxon

27:

kind:mddr_like_rule

value:No

source:ChemAxon

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:54

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:55

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:56

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2584

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2585

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2586

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2587

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2588

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2589

10:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2590

11:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2591

12:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2592

13:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2593

14:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2594

15:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2595

16:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2596

17:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2597

18:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2598

19:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2599

20:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2600

21:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2601

22:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2602

23:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2603

24:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2604

25:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:2605

26:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:2753

27:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:37257

28:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:174894

29:

type:Specdb::NmrTwoD

spectrum_id:937

30:

type:Specdb::NmrTwoD

spectrum_id:1100

31:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:1042

32:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:1123

33:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:5392

34:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:5393

35:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:5394

36:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:5395

37:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:5396

38:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:5397

39:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:5398

40:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:5399

41:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:5400

42:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:5401

43:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:5402

44:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:5403

45:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:5404

46:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:5405

47:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:5406

48:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:5407

49:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:5408

50:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:5409

51:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:5410

52:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:5411

53:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:166484

光谱

生物学性质

cellular:(1):Cytoplasm

biospecimen:(1):Blood

biospecimen:(2):Feces

biospecimen:(3):Saliva

biospecimen:(4):Urine

tissue:(1):Brain

tissue:(2):Fibroblasts

tissue:(3):Intestine

tissue:(4):Kidney

tissue:(5):Liver

tissue:(6):Neuron

tissue:(7):Placenta

tissue:(8):Skeletal Muscle

[1]:

name:beta-Alanine metabolism

smpdb_id:

kegg_map_id:map00410

[2]:

name:Carnosinuria, carnosinemia

smpdb_id:SMP00493

kegg_map_id:

[3]:

name:GABA-Transaminase Deficiency

smpdb_id:SMP00351

kegg_map_id:

[4]:

name:Histidine metabolism

smpdb_id:SMP00044

kegg_map_id:map00340

[5]:

name:Histidinemia

smpdb_id:SMP00191

kegg_map_id:

[6]:

name:Ureidopropionase Deficiency

smpdb_id:SMP00492

kegg_map_id:

正常浓度

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:0.00-0.10

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:6.54 +/- 1.0

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:3.1 +/- 7.5

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Children (6 - 18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Children (6 - 18 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:0.115 +/- 0.290

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

10:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:0.469 +/- 0.434

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

11:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:18.3608 +/- 20.3166

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

12:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:<18.21

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

13:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:1.84

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

14:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:<12.33

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adolescent (13-18 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

15:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:5.5 (1.4-12.6)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

16:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:<3.96

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

17:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:19.97

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

18:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:4.0133 +/- 2.607

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

19:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:3.2 +/- 4.36

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

20:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:3.5 +/- 2.7

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

21:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:4.0 +/- 2.5

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

22:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:3.05-115.48

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

23:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:2.380 +/- 2.113

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

24:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:3.240 +/- 4.413

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

25:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:3.547 +/- 2.760

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

26:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:4.193 +/- 3.233

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

27:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:4.580 +/- 3.867

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

28:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:34.427 +/- 47.016

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

29:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:1.81-69.68

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

30:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:9.70-66.50

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

31:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.47-35.49

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

32:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:1.2 (0.2-4.1)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

33:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:3.24(0.55-32.95)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

34:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:2.67(0.45-36.23)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

35:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

36:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:2.036-36.085

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

37:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:1.1+/-0.5

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Not Specified

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

异常浓度

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:3.28 +/- 0.91

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Elderly (>65 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Alzheimer's disease

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Children (6 - 18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Crohns disease

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Children (6 - 18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Ulcerative colitis

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Children (6 - 18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Crohns disease

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Children (6 - 18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Ulcerative colitis

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Children (6 - 18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Unclassified IBD

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:6.2122 +/- 5.342

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Eosinophilic esophagitis

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:4.7276 +/- 9.2518

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Gastroesophageal reflux disease

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:1.0 (0.0-2.2)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Carnosinuria

10:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:84.8 (56.5-113.0)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Carnosinuria

11:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:18.8 +/- 10.31

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Alzheimer's disease

12:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:9.117 +/- 13.178

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Eosinophilic esophagitis

13:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:56.56-113.1

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Carnosinuria

疾病参考

name:Alzheimer's disease

omim_id:104300

[1]:

reference_text:Fonteh AN, Harrington RJ, Tsai A, Liao P, Harrington MG: Free amino acid and dipeptide changes in the body fluids from Alzheimer's disease subjects. Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):213-24. Epub 2006 Oct 10.

pubmed_id:17031479

[2]:

reference_text:Selley ML, Close DR, Stern SE: The effect of increased concentrations of homocysteine on the concentration of (E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2002 May-Jun;23(3):383-8.

pubmed_id:11959400

[3]:

reference_text:Shetty HU, Holloway HW, Schapiro MB: Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma distribution of myo-inositol and other polyols in Alzheimer disease. Clin Chem. 1996 Feb;42(2):298-302.

pubmed_id:8595727

[4]:

reference_text:Jia JP, Jia JM, Zhou WD, Xu M, Chu CB, Yan X, Sun YX: Differential acetylcholine and choline concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Chin Med J (Engl). 2004 Aug;117(8):1161-4.

pubmed_id:15361288

[5]:

reference_text:Redjems-Bennani N, Jeandel C, Lefebvre E, Blain H, Vidailhet M, Gueant JL: Abnormal substrate levels that depend upon mitochondrial function in cerebrospinal fluid from Alzheimer patients. Gerontology. 1998;44(5):300-4.

pubmed_id:9693263

[6]:

reference_text:Walter A, Korth U, Hilgert M, Hartmann J, Weichel O, Hilgert M, Fassbender K, Schmitt A, Klein J: Glycerophosphocholine is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer patients. Neurobiol Aging. 2004 Nov-Dec;25(10):1299-303.

pubmed_id:15465626

[7]:

reference_text:Leoni V, Masterman T, Mousavi FS, Wretlind B, Wahlund LO, Diczfalusy U, Hillert J, Bjorkhem I: Diagnostic use of cerebral and extracerebral oxysterols. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2004 Feb;42(2):186-91.

pubmed_id:15061359

[8]:

reference_text:Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Holmes C, Goldstein DS: Patterns of cerebrospinal fluid catechols support increased central noradrenergic responsiveness in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Sep 15;46(6):756-65.

pubmed_id:10494443

[9]:

reference_text:Lovell MA, Markesbery WR: Ratio of 8-hydroxyguanine in intact DNA to free 8-hydroxyguanine is increased in Alzheimer disease ventricular cerebrospinal fluid. Arch Neurol. 2001 Mar;58(3):392-6.

pubmed_id:11255442

[10]:

reference_text:Bar KJ, Franke S, Wenda B, Muller S, Kientsch-Engel R, Stein G, Sauer H: Pentosidine and N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)-lysine in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Neurobiol Aging. 2003 Mar-Apr;24(2):333-8.

pubmed_id:12498967

[11]:

reference_text:Serot JM, Barbe F, Arning E, Bottiglieri T, Franck P, Montagne P, Nicolas JP: Homocysteine and methylmalonic acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid: relation with age and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005 Nov;76(11):1585-7.

pubmed_id:16227558

[12]:

reference_text:Molina JA, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Aguilar MV, Meseguer I, Mateos-Vega CJ, Gonzalez-Munoz MJ, de Bustos F, Porta J, Orti-Pareja M, Zurdo M, Barrios E, Martinez-Para MC: Cerebrospinal fluid levels of transition metals in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 1998;105(4-5):479-88.

pubmed_id:9720975

[13]:

reference_text:Molina JA, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Hernanz A, Fernandez-Vivancos E, Medina S, de Bustos F, Gomez-Escalonilla C, Sayed Y: Cerebrospinal fluid levels of thiamine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2002 Jul;109(7-8):1035-44.

pubmed_id:12111441

[14]:

reference_text:Bocca B, Forte G, Petrucci F, Pino A, Marchione F, Bomboi G, Senofonte O, Giubilei F, Alimonti A: Monitoring of chemical elements and oxidative damage in patients affected by Alzheimer's disease. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):197-203.

pubmed_id:16244393

[15]:

reference_text:Kristensen MO, Gulmann NC, Christensen JE, Ostergaard K, Rasmussen K: Serum cobalamin and methylmalonic acid in Alzheimer dementia. Acta Neurol Scand. 1993 Jun;87(6):475-81.

pubmed_id:8356878

[16]:

reference_text:Abe T, Tohgi H, Isobe C, Murata T, Sato C: Remarkable increase in the concentration of 8-hydroxyguanosine in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res. 2002 Nov 1;70(3):447-50.

pubmed_id:12391605

[17]:

reference_text:Reichman ME, Judd JT, Longcope C, Schatzkin A, Clevidence BA, Nair PP, Campbell WS, Taylor PR: Effects of alcohol consumption on plasma and urinary hormone concentrations in premenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993 May 5;85(9):722-7.

pubmed_id:8478958

[18]:

reference_text:Hozumi I, Hasegawa T, Honda A, Ozawa K, Hayashi Y, Hashimoto K, Yamada M, Koumura A, Sakurai T, Kimura A, Tanaka Y, Satoh M, Inuzuka T: Patterns of levels of biological metals in CSF differ among neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurol Sci. 2011 Apr 15;303(1-2):95-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.01.003. Epub 2011 Feb 2.

pubmed_id:21292280

[19]:

reference_text:Motawaj M, Peoc'h K, Callebert J, Arrang JM: CSF levels of the histamine metabolite tele-methylhistamine are only slightly decreased in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;22(3):861-71. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2010-100381.

pubmed_id:20858978

[20]:

reference_text:Smach MA, Jacob N, Golmard JL, Charfeddine B, Lammouchi T, Ben Othman L, Dridi H, Bennamou S, Limem K: Folate and homocysteine in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease or dementia: a case control study. Eur Neurol. 2011;65(5):270-8. doi: 10.1159/000326301. Epub 2011 Apr 8.

pubmed_id:21474939

[21]:

reference_text:Linnebank M, Popp J, Smulders Y, Smith D, Semmler A, Farkas M, Kulic L, Cvetanovska G, Blom H, Stoffel-Wagner B, Kolsch H, Weller M, Jessen F: S-adenosylmethionine is decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurodegener Dis. 2010;7(6):373-8. doi: 10.1159/000309657. Epub 2010 Jun 3.

pubmed_id:20523031

[22]:

reference_text:Rosler N, Wichart I, Jellinger KA: Clinical significance of neurobiochemical profiles in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease patients. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2001;108(2):231-46.

pubmed_id:11314776

[23]:

reference_text:Sunderland T, Berrettini WH, Molchan SE, Lawlor BA, Martinez RA, Vitiello B, Tariot PN, Cohen RM: Reduced cerebrospinal fluid dynorphin A1-8 in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry. 1991 Jul 1;30(1):81-7.

pubmed_id:1716470

[24]:

reference_text:Tsuruoka M, Hara J, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Shankle WR, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis of serum and saliva from neurodegenerative dementia patients. Electrophoresis. 2013 Oct;34(19):2865-72. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300019. Epub 2013 Sep 6.

pubmed_id:23857558

name:Crohn's disease

omim_id:266600

[1]:

reference_text:Lapidus A, Akerlund JE, Einarsson C: Gallbladder bile composition in patients with Crohn 's disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jan 7;12(1):70-4.

pubmed_id:16440420

[2]:

reference_text:Ehrenpreis ED, Salvino M, Craig RM: Improving the serum D-xylose test for the identification of patients with small intestinal malabsorption. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2001 Jul;33(1):36-40.

pubmed_id:11418788

[3]:

reference_text:Brydon WG, Nyhlin H, Eastwood MA, Merrick MV: Serum 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and selenohomocholyltaurine (SeHCAT) whole body retention in the assessment of bile acid induced diarrhoea. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1996 Feb;8(2):117-23.

pubmed_id:8723414

[4]:

reference_text:Williams HR, Cox IJ, Walker DG, North BV, Patel VM, Marshall SE, Jewell DP, Ghosh S, Thomas HJ, Teare JP, Jakobovits S, Zeki S, Welsh KI, Taylor-Robinson SD, Orchard TR: Characterization of inflammatory bowel disease with urinary metabolic profiling. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 Jun;104(6):1435-44. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2009.175. Epub 2009 Apr 28.

pubmed_id:19491857

[5]:

reference_text:Marchesi JR, Holmes E, Khan F, Kochhar S, Scanlan P, Shanahan F, Wilson ID, Wang Y: Rapid and noninvasive metabonomic characterization of inflammatory bowel disease. J Proteome Res. 2007 Feb;6(2):546-51.

pubmed_id:17269711

[6]:

reference_text:Ahmed I, Greenwood R, Costello Bde L, Ratcliffe NM, Probert CS: An investigation of fecal volatile organic metabolites in irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58204. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058204. Epub 2013 Mar 13.

pubmed_id:23516449

[7]:

reference_text:Walton C, Fowler DP, Turner C, Jia W, Whitehead RN, Griffiths L, Dawson C, Waring RH, Ramsden DB, Cole JA, Cauchi M, Bessant C, Hunter JO: Analysis of volatile organic compounds of bacterial origin in chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Sep;19(10):2069-78. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e31829a91f6.

pubmed_id:23867873

[8]:

reference_text:De Preter V, Machiels K, Joossens M, Arijs I, Matthys C, Vermeire S, Rutgeerts P, Verbeke K: Faecal metabolite profiling identifies medium-chain fatty acids as discriminating compounds in IBD. Gut. 2015 Mar;64(3):447-58. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306423. Epub 2014 May 8.

pubmed_id:24811995

[9]:

reference_text:Bjerrum JT, Wang Y, Hao F, Coskun M, Ludwig C, Gunther U, Nielsen OH: Metabonomics of human fecal extracts characterize ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and healthy individuals. Metabolomics. 2015;11:122-133. Epub 2014 Jun 1.

pubmed_id:25598765

[10]:

reference_text:Ahmed I, Greenwood R, Costello B, Ratcliffe N, Probert CS: Investigation of faecal volatile organic metabolites as novel diagnostic biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Mar;43(5):596-611. doi: 10.1111/apt.13522. Epub 2016 Jan 25.

pubmed_id:26806034

[11]:

reference_text:Lee T, Clavel T, Smirnov K, Schmidt A, Lagkouvardos I, Walker A, Lucio M, Michalke B, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Fedorak R, Haller D: Oral versus intravenous iron replacement therapy distinctly alters the gut microbiota and metabolome in patients with IBD. Gut. 2017 May;66(5):863-871. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309940. Epub 2016 Feb 4.

pubmed_id:26848182

[12]:

reference_text:Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158.

pubmed_id:27609529

[13]:

reference_text:Azario I, Pievani A, Del Priore F, Antolini L, Santi L, Corsi A, Cardinale L, Sawamoto K, Kubaski F, Gentner B, Bernardo ME, Valsecchi MG, Riminucci M, Tomatsu S, Aiuti A, Biondi A, Serafini M: Neonatal umbilical cord blood transplantation halts skeletal disease progression in the murine model of MPS-I. Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 25;7(1):9473. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09958-9.

pubmed_id:28842642

name:Ulcerative colitis

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Knox C, Law V, Jewison T, Liu P, Ly S, Frolkis A, Pon A, Banco K, Mak C, Neveu V, Djoumbou Y, Eisner R, Guo AC, Wishart DS: DrugBank 3.0: a comprehensive resource for 'omics' research on drugs. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jan;39(Database issue):D1035-41. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq1126. Epub 2010 Nov 8.

pubmed_id:21059682

[2]:

reference_text:Almer S, Andersson T, Strom M: Pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid in patients with ulcerative colitis and in healthy volunteers after the single instillation of 2 g rectally. J Clin Pharmacol. 1992 Jan;32(1):49-54.

pubmed_id:1740537

[3]:

pubmed_id:17269711

[4]:

reference_text:Garner CE, Smith S, de Lacy Costello B, White P, Spencer R, Probert CS, Ratcliffe NM: Volatile organic compounds from feces and their potential for diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease. FASEB J. 2007 Jun;21(8):1675-88. Epub 2007 Feb 21.

pubmed_id:17314143

[5]:

reference_text:Le Gall G, Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, Jamieson C, Johnson IT, Colquhoun IJ, Kemsley EK, Narbad A: Metabolomics of fecal extracts detects altered metabolic activity of gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. J Proteome Res. 2011 Sep 2;10(9):4208-18. doi: 10.1021/pr2003598. Epub 2011 Aug 8.

pubmed_id:21761941

[6]:

pubmed_id:23516449

[7]:

pubmed_id:23867873

[8]:

pubmed_id:24811995

[9]:

pubmed_id:25598765

[10]:

pubmed_id:26806034

[11]:

pubmed_id:26848182

[12]:

pubmed_id:27609529

[13]:

pubmed_id:28842642

name:Carnosinuria

omim_id:212200

[1]:

reference_text:Furst P: Amino acid metabolism in uremia. J Am Coll Nutr. 1989 Aug;8(4):310-23.

pubmed_id:2674258

[2]:

reference_text:MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)

pubmed_id:

name:Eosinophilic esophagitis

omim_id:610247

[1]:

reference_text:Mordechai, Hien, and David S. Wishart

pubmed_id:

KEGG数据库编号

C00386

DrugBank数据库编号

DB11695

foodb数据库编号

FDB012937

ChemSpider数据库编号

388363

公共化学化合物编号

439224

PDB数据库编号

生物利益的化学实体数据库编号

15727

knapsack数据库编号

维基百科编号

Carnosine

代谢途径的数据库编号

CARNOSINE

苯酚资源管理器化合物数据库编号

比格数据库编号

1800369

梅林编号

虚拟机身份证编号

ALAHIS

fbonto数据库编号

综合参考

Vezenkov, L.; Yanachkov, O. Synthesis of carnosine by trimethylsilyl protection. Dokladi na Bulgarskata Akademiya na Naukite (1991), 44(8), 53-6

一般参考

protein_accession:HMDBP00282

name:Myeloperoxidase

uniprot_id:P05164

gene_name:MPO

protein_type:Unknown

protein_accession:HMDBP00473

name:Beta-Ala-His dipeptidase

uniprot_id:Q96KN2

gene_name:CNDP1

protein_type:Unknown

protein_accession:HMDBP00885

name:Histidine decarboxylase

uniprot_id:P19113

gene_name:HDC

protein_type:Enzyme

protein_accession:HMDBP01682

name:Vimentin

uniprot_id:P08670

gene_name:VIM

protein_type:Enzyme

protein_accession:HMDBP02419

name:Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1A/1B

uniprot_id:P08107

gene_name:HSPA1A

protein_type:Enzyme

protein_accession:HMDBP02916

name:Solute carrier family 15 member 2

uniprot_id:Q16348

gene_name:SLC15A2

protein_type:Transporter

protein_accession:HMDBP08844

name:Carnosine synthase 1

uniprot_id:A5YM72

gene_name:CARNS1

protein_type:Unknown

蛋白质结合

reference_text:Park YJ, Volpe SL, Decker EA: Quantitation of carnosine in humans plasma after dietary consumption of beef. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jun 15;53(12):4736-9.

pubmed_id:15941308

reference_text:Guiotto A, Calderan A, Ruzza P, Borin G: Carnosine and carnosine-related antioxidants: a review. Curr Med Chem. 2005;12(20):2293-315.

pubmed_id:16181134

reference_text:Hipkiss AR, Preston JE, Himsworth DT, Worthington VC, Keown M, Michaelis J, Lawrence J, Mateen A, Allende L, Eagles PA, Abbott NJ: Pluripotent protective effects of carnosine, a naturally occurring dipeptide. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 Nov 20;854:37-53.

pubmed_id:9928418

reference_text:Guiotto A, Calderan A, Ruzza P, Osler A, Rubini C, Jo DG, Mattson MP, Borin G: Synthesis and evaluation of neuroprotective alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde scavenger histidyl-containing analogues of carnosine. J Med Chem. 2005 Sep 22;48(19):6156-61.

pubmed_id:16162015

reference_text:Hipkiss AR, Brownson C: Carnosine reacts with protein carbonyl groups: another possible role for the anti-ageing peptide? Biogerontology. 2000;1(3):217-23.

pubmed_id:11707898

reference_text:Furst P: Amino acid metabolism in uremia. J Am Coll Nutr. 1989 Aug;8(4):310-23.

pubmed_id:2674258

reference_text:Lee YT, Hsu CC, Lin MH, Liu KS, Yin MC: Histidine and carnosine delay diabetic deterioration in mice and protect human low density lipoprotein against oxidation and glycation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005 Apr 18;513(1-2):145-50. Epub 2005 Apr 2.

pubmed_id:15878720

reference_text:Hipkiss AR, Brownson C, Bertani MF, Ruiz E, Ferro A: Reaction of carnosine with aged proteins: another protective process? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Apr;959:285-94.

pubmed_id:11976203

reference_text:Mannion AF, Jakeman PM, Dunnett M, Harris RC, Willan PL: Carnosine and anserine concentrations in the quadriceps femoris muscle of healthy humans. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992;64(1):47-50.

pubmed_id:1735411

10:

reference_text:Hipkiss AR, Brownson C, Carrier MJ: Carnosine, the anti-ageing, anti-oxidant dipeptide, may react with protein carbonyl groups. Mech Ageing Dev. 2001 Sep 15;122(13):1431-45.

pubmed_id:11470131

11:

reference_text:Suzuki Y, Ito O, Mukai N, Takahashi H, Takamatsu K: High level of skeletal muscle carnosine contributes to the latter half of exercise performance during 30-s maximal cycle ergometer sprinting. Jpn J Physiol. 2002 Apr;52(2):199-205.

pubmed_id:12139778

12:

reference_text:Kang JH, Kim KS, Choi SY, Kwon HY, Won MH, Kang TC: Protection by carnosine-related dipeptides against hydrogen peroxide-mediated ceruloplasmin modification. Mol Cells. 2002 Feb 28;13(1):107-12.

pubmed_id:11911459

13:

reference_text:Willi SM, Zhang Y, Hill JB, Phelan MC, Michaelis RC, Holden KR: A deletion in the long arm of chromosome 18 in a child with serum carnosinase deficiency. Pediatr Res. 1997 Feb;41(2):210-3.

pubmed_id:9029640

14:

reference_text:Tallon MJ, Harris RC, Boobis LH, Fallowfield JL, Wise JA: The carnosine content of vastus lateralis is elevated in resistance-trained bodybuilders. J Strength Cond Res. 2005 Nov;19(4):725-9.

pubmed_id:16287364

15:

reference_text:Mozdzan M, Szemraj J, Rysz J, Nowak D: Antioxidant properties of carnosine re-evaluated with oxidizing systems involving iron and copper ions. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005 May;96(5):352-60.

pubmed_id:15853927

16:

reference_text:Jackson MC, Lenney JF: The distribution of carnosine and related dipeptides in rat and human tissues. Inflamm Res. 1996 Mar;45(3):132-5.

pubmed_id:8689392

17:

reference_text:Hipkiss AR: Would carnosine or a carnivorous diet help suppress aging and associated pathologies? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 May;1067:369-74.

pubmed_id:16804013

18:

reference_text:Guney Y, Turkcu UO, Hicsonmez A, Andrieu MN, Guney HZ, Bilgihan A, Kurtman C: Carnosine may reduce lung injury caused by radiation therapy. Med Hypotheses. 2006;66(5):957-9. Epub 2006 Jan 10.

pubmed_id:16406688

19:

reference_text:Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043.

pubmed_id:32033212

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