版本
5.0
创建日期
2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
更新日期
2021-09-14 15:45:28 UTC
登录号
HMDB0000267
地位
quantified
二级访问
HMDB0000805

HMDB00267

HMDB0060262

HMDB00805

HMDB60262

名称
Pyroglutamic acid
描述
Pyroglutamic acid (5-oxoproline) is a cyclized derivative of L-glutamic acid. It is an uncommon amino acid derivative in which the free amino group of glutamic acid cyclizes to form a lactam. It is formed nonenzymatically from glutamate, glutamine, and gamma-glutamylated peptides, but it can also be produced by the action of gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase on an L-amino acid. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of glutamine or glutathione metabolism. This compound is found in substantial amounts in brain tissue and other tissues in bound form, especially skin. It is also present in plant tissues. It is sold, over the counter, as a "smart drug" for improving blood circulation in the brain. Pyroglutamate in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of cheese. When present in sufficiently high levels, pyroglutamic acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of pyroglutamic acid are associated with at least five inborn errors of metabolism including 5-oxoprolinuria, 5-oxoprolinase deficiency, glutathione synthetase deficiency, hawkinsinuria, and propionic acidemia. Pyroglutamic acid is an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of the untreated IEMs mentioned above. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. It has been shown that pyroglutamic acid releases GABA from the cerebral cortex and displays anti-anxiety effects in a simple approach-avoidance conflict situation in the rat. In clinical pharmacology experiments, pyroglutamic acid significantly shortens the plasma half-life of ethanol during acute intoxication.
同义词
1:(-)-2-Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid

2:(S)-(-)-2-Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid

3:(S)-Pyroglutamic acid

4:5-Pyrrolidone-2-carboxylic acid

5:L-5-Pyrrolidone-2-carboxylic acid

6:L-Pyroglutamic acid

7:Pidolic acid

8:Pyroglutamate

9:5-oxo-L-Proline

10:(-)-2-Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylate

11:(S)-(-)-2-Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylate

12:(S)-Pyroglutamate

13:5-Pyrrolidone-2-carboxylate

14:L-5-Pyrrolidone-2-carboxylate

15:L-Pyroglutamate

16:Pidolate

17:(-)-Pyroglutamate

18:(-)-Pyroglutamic acid

19:(5S)-2-Oxopyrrolidine-5-carboxylate

20:(5S)-2-Oxopyrrolidine-5-carboxylic acid

21:(S)-(-)-g-Butyrolactam-g-carboxylate

22:(S)-(-)-g-Butyrolactam-g-carboxylic acid

23:(S)-(-)-gamma-Butyrolactam-gamma-carboxylate

24:(S)-(-)-gamma-Butyrolactam-gamma-carboxylic acid

25:(S)-2-Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylate

26:(S)-2-Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid

27:(S)-5-oxo-2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylate

28:(S)-5-oxo-2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid

29:2-L-Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylate

30:2-L-Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid

31:2-Oxopyrrolidine-5(S)-carboxylate

32:2-Oxopyrrolidine-5(S)-carboxylic acid

33:2-Pyrrolidinone-5-carboxylate

34:2-Pyrrolidinone-5-carboxylic acid

35:5-Carboxy-2-pyrrolidinone

36:5-L-Oxoproline

37:5-Oxoproline

38:5-Pyrrolidinone-2-carboxylate

39:5-Pyrrolidinone-2-carboxylic acid

40:Ajidew a 100

41:Glutimate

42:Glutimic acid

43:Glutiminate

44:Glutiminic acid

45:L-2-Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylate

46:L-2-Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid

47:L-5-Carboxy-2-pyrrolidinone

48:L-5-oxo-2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylate

49:L-5-oxo-2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid

50:L-5-Oxoproline

51:L-Glutamic acid g-lactam

52:L-Glutimate

53:L-Glutimic acid

54:L-Glutiminate

55:L-Glutiminic acid

56:L-Pyrrolidinonecarboxylate

57:L-Pyrrolidinonecarboxylic acid

58:L-Pyrrolidonecarboxylate

59:L-Pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid

60:Oxoproline

61:Oxopyrrolidinecarboxylate

62:Oxopyrrolidinecarboxylic acid

63:Pidolidone

64:Pyrrolidinonecarboxylate

65:Pyrrolidinonecarboxylic acid

66:Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylate

67:Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid

68:Pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid

69:5-Ketoproline

70:Pidolate, magnesium

71:5-Oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

72:Magnesium pidolate

73:2-Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid

74:5-Oxoprolinate

75:PCA

化学式
C5H7NO3
平均分子量
129.114
等位分子量
129.042593095
化学名称
(2S)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
传统名称
pyroglutamic acid
CAS 登记号
98-79-3
代谢物结构字符串
OC(=O)[C@@H]1CCC(=O)N1
inchi标识符
InChI=1S/C5H7NO3/c7-4-2-1-3(6-4)5(8)9/h3H,1-2H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)/t3-/m0/s1
印记键
ODHCTXKNWHHXJC-VKHMYHEASA-N
分类学
description: belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon), or a derivative thereof.

description:Alpha amino acids and derivatives

kingdom:Organic compounds

super_class:Organic acids and derivatives

class:Carboxylic acids and derivatives

sub_class:Amino acids, peptides, and analogues

molecular_framework:Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds

1:Azacyclic compounds

2:Carbonyl compounds

3:Carboxylic acids

4:Cyclic carboximidic acids

5:Hydrocarbon derivatives

6:Lactims

7:Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives

8:Organic oxides

9:Organonitrogen compounds

10:Organopnictogen compounds

11:Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compounds

12:Pyrroline carboxylic acids

13:Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound

14:Alpha-amino acid or derivatives

15:Azacycle

16:Carbonyl group

17:Carboxylic acid

18:Cyclic carboximidic acid

19:Hydrocarbon derivative

20:Lactim

21:Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives

22:Organic 1,3-dipolar compound

23:Organic nitrogen compound

24:Organic oxide

25:Organic oxygen compound

26:Organoheterocyclic compound

27:Organonitrogen compound

28:Organooxygen compound

29:Organopnictogen compound

30:Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound

31:Pyrroline

32:Pyrroline carboxylic acid

33:Pyrroline carboxylic acid or derivatives

34:5-oxoproline

35:L-proline derivative

36:Other amino acids

37:non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid

本体论
term:Physiological effect

definition:The effect on an organism physiology, resulting from its exposure to a chemical.

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Health effect

definition:A health condition or observation associated with a stimuli or with a biological activity of a chemical.

parent_id:7693

*level:2

type:parent

term:Observation

definition:A short term health effect which reflects the reponse of the body to stimuli or is a symptom of a disease or condition; also includes health status which reflects stage in life.

parent_id:7694

**level:3

type:parent

term:Jaundice

definition:A disorder characterized by liver malfunction leading to accummulation of bilirubin which gives yellow colour to skin and eyes .

parent_id:7717

***level:4

type:child

term:Supragingival Calculus

definition:

parent_id:7717

***level:4

type:child

term:Health condition

definition:A health effect that consists on short or long-term disease, condition, disorder, syndrome or constant abnormality.

parent_id:7694

**level:3

type:parent

term:Schizophrenia

definition:A psychotic disorder that is characterized by a disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness. (do).

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:child

term:Failure to thrive

definition:

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:child

term:Nervous system disorders

definition:Any disorder (non-neoplastic or neoplastic) that affects the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves.

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:parent

term:Metabolism and nutrition disorders

definition:A group of disorders, inherited or not, that result in a metabolic malfunction.

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:parent

term:Disposition

definition:A concept that describes the origin of a chemical, its location within an organism, or its route of exposure.

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Route of exposure

definition:A mean by which a chemical agent comes in contact with an organism, either under intended or unintended circumstances.

parent_id:7724

*level:2

type:parent

term:Enteral

definition:Chemical exposure via the alimentary canal (mouth to anus).

parent_id:7743

**level:3

type:parent

term:Ingestion

definition:Chemical exposure facilitated by entry through the mouth.

parent_id:7744

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Digestion

term:Source

definition:Natural or synthetic origin of a chemical.

parent_id:7724

*level:2

type:parent

term:Endogenous

definition:

parent_id:7735

**level:3

type:child

term:Food

definition:

parent_id:7735

**level:3

type:child

term:Biological

definition:A living organism (species or a higher taxonomy rank), in which a chemical can be found.

parent_id:7735

**level:3

type:parent

term:Animal

definition:A living organism belonging to the kingdom animalia. it feeds on organic matter, typically having specialized sense organs and nervous system and able to respond rapidly to stimuli.

parent_id:7736

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Fauna

term:Plant

definition:A living organism belonging to the kingdom plantea. typically, it grows in a permanent site, absorbs water and inorganic substances through its roots, and synthesizes nutrients in its leaves by photosynthesis using the green pigment chlorophyll. examples incude trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses.

parent_id:7736

***level:4

type:parent

synonym:Flora

term:Biological location

definition:The physiological origin within an organism, including anatomical compnents, biofluids and excreta.

parent_id:7724

*level:2

type:parent

term:Tissue and substructures

definition:An anatomical organizational level including multiple cells yet not comprising a complete organ .

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Placenta

definition:An organ present in some vertebrates during embryonic gestation that surrounds the fetus and provides it with nutrients and oxygen, facilitates gas and waste exchange between the fetus and mother, and provides parasitic cloaking from the mother's immune system by excretion of neurokinin b. (nci).

parent_id:7729

***level:4

type:child

term:Organ and components

definition:An anatomical organizational level including multiple tissues or substructures, which enables a common biological function.

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Brain

definition:An organ composed of grey and white matter that is the center for intelligence and reasoning. it is protected by the bony cranium. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Prostate

definition:The male reproductive accessory gland that produces prostatic fluid and is located adjacent to or around the urethra distal to the urinary bladder in mammals. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Prostate gland

term:Skin

definition:An organ that constitutes the external surface of the body. it consists of the epidermis, dermis, and skin appendages. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Biofluid and excreta

definition:A liquid, semi-solid or solid material originating in the body.

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Saliva

definition:The watery fluid in the mouth made by the salivary glands. saliva moistens food to help digestion and it helps protect the mouth against infections. (nci).

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

term:Feces

definition:The material discharged from the bowel during defecation. It consists of undigested food, intestinal mucus, epithelial cells, and bacteria.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Fecal

synonym:Stool

synonym:Faecal

synonym:Faeces

term:Urine

definition:Excretion in liquid state processed by the kidney.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

term:Blood

definition:A liquid tissue with the primary function of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide (nci). it supplies the tissues with nutrients, removes waste products, and contains various components of the immune system defending the body against infection.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

term:Cerebrospinal fluid

definition:The fluid that is contained within the brain ventricles, the subarachnoid space and the central canal of the spinal cord. (nci).

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Csf

term:Sweat

definition:Secretion produced by a sweat gland.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

term:Subcellular

definition:An anatomical organizational level including a component within a biological cell .

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Cytoplasm

definition:The portion of the cell contained within the plasma membrane but excluding the nucleus.

parent_id:7730

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Cytoplasma

term:Process

definition:Biological or chemical events, or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Naturally occurring process

definition:Naturally-occurring molecular events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.

parent_id:7659

*level:2

type:parent

term:Biological process

definition:Biological or chemical events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product within an organism.

parent_id:7660

**level:3

type:parent

term:Biochemical pathway

definition:A linked series of chemical reactions that occur in a defined order within or between organism cells, and lead to a known function or end product.

parent_id:7661

***level:4

type:parent

term:Role

definition:The purpose or function assumed by a chemical, either naturally or as intended by humans .

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Indirect biological role

definition:An indirect function of a chemical which affect the physiological state of any organism (apart from the source organism, if of biological source).

parent_id:7671

*level:2

type:parent

term:Metabotoxin

definition:An endogenous metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels.

parent_id:7691

**level:3

type:child

term:Acidogen

definition:An acidic chemical substance that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems.

parent_id:7691

**level:3

type:child

term:Industrial application

definition:The assumed function of a chemical utilized by human.

parent_id:7671

*level:2

type:parent

term:Pharmaceutical industry

definition:A pharmacologic activity for which a chemical substance is utilized owing to its biological role.

parent_id:7678

**level:3

type:parent

term:Pharmaceutical

definition:

parent_id:7679

***level:4

type:child

term:Biological role

definition:The biological function of a chemical. the biological role answers the question how a chemical is involved in molecular processes in an organism. this can include biochemical effects of non-endogenous chemicals, which are also assigned an industrial application such as pharmaceuticals. the biological role is limited to cellular levls, and will not include role at system process level, such as a chemical which has a role in a disease.

parent_id:7671

*level:2

type:parent

term:Essential amino acid

definition:

parent_id:7672

**level:3

type:child

状态
Solid
实验性质
1:

kind:water_solubility

value:476.0 mg/mL at 13 °C

source:

预测性质
1:

kind:logp

value:-1.01

source:ALOGPS

2:

kind:logs

value:0.07

source:ALOGPS

3:

kind:solubility

value:151 g/L

source:ALOGPS

4:

kind:logp

value:-0.89

source:ChemAxon

5:

kind:pka_strongest_acidic

value:3.61

source:ChemAxon

6:

kind:pka_strongest_basic

value:-2.2

source:ChemAxon

7:

kind:iupac

value:(2S)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

source:ChemAxon

8:

kind:average_mass

value:129.114

source:ChemAxon

9:

kind:mono_mass

value:129.042593095

source:ChemAxon

10:

kind:smiles

value:OC(=O)[C@@H]1CCC(=O)N1

source:ChemAxon

11:

kind:formula

value:C5H7NO3

source:ChemAxon

12:

kind:inchi

value:InChI=1S/C5H7NO3/c7-4-2-1-3(6-4)5(8)9/h3H,1-2H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)/t3-/m0/s1

source:ChemAxon

13:

kind:inchikey

value:ODHCTXKNWHHXJC-VKHMYHEASA-N

source:ChemAxon

14:

kind:polar_surface_area

value:66.4

source:ChemAxon

15:

kind:refractivity

value:28.09

source:ChemAxon

16:

kind:polarizability

value:11.56

source:ChemAxon

17:

kind:rotatable_bond_count

value:1

source:ChemAxon

18:

kind:acceptor_count

value:3

source:ChemAxon

19:

kind:donor_count

value:2

source:ChemAxon

20:

kind:physiological_charge

value:-1

source:ChemAxon

21:

kind:formal_charge

value:0

source:ChemAxon

22:

kind:number_of_rings

value:1

source:ChemAxon

23:

kind:bioavailability

value:Yes

source:ChemAxon

24:

kind:rule_of_five

value:Yes

source:ChemAxon

25:

kind:ghose_filter

value:No

source:ChemAxon

26:

kind:veber_rule

value:No

source:ChemAxon

27:

kind:mddr_like_rule

value:No

source:ChemAxon

1:

type:Specdb::EiMs

spectrum_id:2004

2:

type:Specdb::NmrTwoD

spectrum_id:1248

3:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:1303

4:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:143230

5:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:143231

6:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:143232

7:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:143233

8:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:143234

9:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:143235

10:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:143236

11:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:143237

12:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:143238

13:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:143239

14:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:143240

15:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:143241

16:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:143242

17:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:143243

18:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:143244

19:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:143245

20:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:143246

21:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:143247

22:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:143248

23:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:143249

24:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:506

25:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:3460

26:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:30800

27:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:31934

28:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:37392

29:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:166144

30:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:463

31:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:464

32:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:465

33:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3856

34:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3857

35:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3858

36:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3859

37:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3860

38:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3861

39:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3862

40:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3863

41:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3864

42:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3865

43:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3866

44:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3867

45:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3868

46:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3869

47:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3870

48:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3871

49:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3872

50:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3873

51:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3874

52:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3875

53:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3877

54:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3878

光谱
生物学性质
1:

cellular:(1):Cytoplasm

2:

biospecimen:(1):Blood

biospecimen:(2):Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

biospecimen:(3):Feces

biospecimen:(4):Saliva

biospecimen:(5):Sweat

biospecimen:(6):Urine

3:

tissue:(1):Brain

tissue:(2):Epidermis

tissue:(3):Placenta

tissue:(4):Prostate

4:

[1]:

name:5-oxoprolinase deficiency

smpdb_id:SMP00500

kegg_map_id:

[2]:

name:5-Oxoprolinuria

smpdb_id:SMP00143

kegg_map_id:

[3]:

name:Gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase deficiency

smpdb_id:SMP00501

kegg_map_id:

[4]:

name:Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Deficiency

smpdb_id:SMP00183

kegg_map_id:

[5]:

name:Glutathione metabolism

smpdb_id:

kegg_map_id:map00480

[6]:

name:Glutathione Synthetase Deficiency

smpdb_id:SMP00337

kegg_map_id:

正常浓度
1:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:19.5 +/- 3.7

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

2:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

3:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

4:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:47 +/- 30

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

5:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:41.0 +/- 31.0

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

6:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

7:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

8:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

9:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

10:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

11:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

12:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Not Specified

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

13:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

14:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

15:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Not Specified

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

16:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:5.65 +/- 4.71

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

17:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:8.70 +/- 7.55

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

18:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:15.0 +/- 32.5

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

19:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:18.2 +/- 20.9

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

20:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

21:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

22:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

23:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

24:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

25:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

26:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

27:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

28:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

29:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

30:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:3.82 +/- 5.16

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

31:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:3.84 +/- 2.81

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

32:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:0.618 +/- 0.758

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

33:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:30.19 +/- 31.32

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

34:

biospecimen:Sweat

concentration_value:< 10

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (60 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

35:

biospecimen:Sweat

concentration_value:< 10

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (40 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

36:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:47.641 +/- 19.524

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

37:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

38:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

39:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:<10

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Not Specified

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

40:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:5-12.3

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

41:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:6.0-22.2

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

42:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:6.7-27.1

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

43:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:8.6-22.0

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

44:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:40.428 +/- 19.331

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

45:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:21-30

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

46:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:20.7 (10.2-32.6)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

47:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:<79.14

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1 - 18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

48:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:14.0 +/- 7.2

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

49:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

50:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:17-25

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

51:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:7.3 (0.1-29.3)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

52:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:24.1 (3.4-54.2)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

53:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:5.3 (2.9-10.4)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

54:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:3.1 (1.9-11.3)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adolescent (13-18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

55:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:<7.6

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

56:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:18.6 (4.5-24.9)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

57:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:5-44

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

异常浓度
1:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:87.00 (13.00-161.00)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Glutathione synthetase deficiency

2:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Schizophrenia

3:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:3.5 (3.00-4.00)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Glutathione synthetase deficiency

4:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:2326.0

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Pyroglutamic aciduria

5:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Colorectal cancer

6:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Colorectal Cancer

7:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Not Specified

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Cryptosporidium infection

8:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Irritable bowel syndrome

9:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Colorectal cancer

10:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Ulcerative colitis

11:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Supragingival Calculus

12:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:0.481 +/- 0.853

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Dental caries

13:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:28.8 (3.4-54.2)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:5-oxoprolinase deficiency

14:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:3500.0 (1000.0-6000.0)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:5-Oxoprolinase Deficiency

15:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:7931-13208

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Pyroglutamic aciduria

16:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:9-7282

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

patient_sex:Female

patient_information:Pyroglutamic aciduria

17:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:34.75 +/- 17.53

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Eosinophilic esophagitis

18:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

19:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Bladder cancer

20:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Schizophrenia

21:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:1.9

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Pyroglutamic aciduria

22:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:5570

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:5-Oxoprolinase Deficiency

23:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:1980 - 6040

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:5-Oxoprolinase Deficiency

24:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:137.6 - 4092.79

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Glutathione synthetase deficiency

25:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:47.522 +/- 35.017

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Eosinophilic esophagitis

26:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:80.794 +/- 83.738

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Gastroesophageal reflux disease

疾病参考
1:

name:Glutathione synthetase deficiency

omim_id:266130

[1]:

reference_text:Mayatepek E, Meissner T, Grobe H: Acute metabolic crisis with extreme deficiency of glutathione in combination with decreased levels of leukotriene C4 in a patient with glutathione synthetase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2004;27(2):297-9.

pubmed_id:15243994

[2]:

reference_text:Li X, Ding Y, Liu Y, Ma Y, Song J, Wang Q, Yang Y: Five Chinese patients with 5-oxoprolinuria due to glutathione synthetase and 5-oxoprolinase deficiencies. Brain Dev. 2015 Nov;37(10):952-9. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2015.03.005. Epub 2015 Apr 4.

pubmed_id:25851806

[3]:

reference_text:MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)

pubmed_id:

2:

name:Schizophrenia

omim_id:181500

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reference_text:Harnryd C, Bjerkenstedt L, Grimm VE, Sedvall G: Reduction of MOPEG levels in cerebrospinal fluid of psychotic women after electroconvulsive treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1979 Aug 8;64(2):131-4.

pubmed_id:115032

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reference_text:Kobayashi K, Koide Y, Yoshino K, Shohmori T: [P-hydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid]. No To Shinkei. 1982 Aug;34(8):769-74.

pubmed_id:7126379

[3]:

reference_text:Alfredsson G, Wiesel FA: Monoamine metabolites and amino acids in serum from schizophrenic patients before and during sulpiride treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1989;99(3):322-7.

pubmed_id:2480613

[4]:

reference_text:Heresco-Levy U, Bar G, Levin R, Ermilov M, Ebstein RP, Javitt DC: High glycine levels are associated with prepulse inhibition deficits in chronic schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res. 2007 Mar;91(1-3):14-21. Epub 2007 Feb 2.

pubmed_id:17276036

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reference_text:Walker EF, Bonsall R, Walder DJ: Plasma hormones and catecholamine metabolites in monozygotic twins discordant for psychosis. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 2002 Mar;15(1):10-7.

pubmed_id:11877547

[6]:

reference_text:Hashimoto K, Fukushima T, Shimizu E, Komatsu N, Watanabe H, Shinoda N, Nakazato M, Kumakiri C, Okada S, Hasegawa H, Imai K, Iyo M: Decreased serum levels of D-serine in patients with schizophrenia: evidence in support of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Jun;60(6):572-6.

pubmed_id:12796220

[7]:

reference_text:Do KQ, Lauer CJ, Schreiber W, Zollinger M, Gutteck-Amsler U, Cuenod M, Holsboer F: gamma-Glutamylglutamine and taurine concentrations are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug-naive patients with schizophrenic disorders. J Neurochem. 1995 Dec;65(6):2652-62.

pubmed_id:7595563

[8]:

reference_text:Nikisch G, Baumann P, Wiedemann G, Kiessling B, Weisser H, Hertel A, Yoshitake T, Kehr J, Mathe AA: Quetiapine and norquetiapine in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenic patients treated with quetiapine: correlations to clinical outcome and HVA, 5-HIAA, and MHPG in CSF. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010 Oct;30(5):496-503. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181f2288e.

pubmed_id:20814316

[9]:

reference_text:Fukushima T, Iizuka H, Yokota A, Suzuki T, Ohno C, Kono Y, Nishikiori M, Seki A, Ichiba H, Watanabe Y, Hongo S, Utsunomiya M, Nakatani M, Sadamoto K, Yoshio T: Quantitative analyses of schizophrenia-associated metabolites in serum: serum D-lactate levels are negatively correlated with gamma-glutamylcysteine in medicated schizophrenia patients. PLoS One. 2014 Jul 8;9(7):e101652. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101652. eCollection 2014.

pubmed_id:25004141

[10]:

reference_text:Koike S, Bundo M, Iwamoto K, Suga M, Kuwabara H, Ohashi Y, Shinoda K, Takano Y, Iwashiro N, Satomura Y, Nagai T, Natsubori T, Tada M, Yamasue H, Kasai K: A snapshot of plasma metabolites in first-episode schizophrenia: a capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry study. Transl Psychiatry. 2014 Apr 8;4:e379. doi: 10.1038/tp.2014.19.

pubmed_id:24713860

[11]:

reference_text:Ballesteros A, Summerfelt A, Du X, Jiang P, Chiappelli J, Tagamets M, O'Donnell P, Kochunov P, Hong LE: Electrophysiological intermediate biomarkers for oxidative stress in schizophrenia. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013 Nov;124(11):2209-15. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.05.021. Epub 2013 Jun 30.

pubmed_id:23823132

[12]:

reference_text:Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Hagenfeldt L, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Plasma amino acids in relation to cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in schizophrenic patients and healthy controls. Br J Psychiatry. 1985 Sep;147:276-82.

pubmed_id:2415198

[13]:

reference_text:Pickar D, Breier A, Hsiao JK, Doran AR, Wolkowitz OM, Pato CN, Konicki PE, Potter WZ: Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma monoamine metabolites and their relation to psychosis. Implications for regional brain dysfunction in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990 Jul;47(7):641-8.

pubmed_id:1694425

[14]:

reference_text:Prell GD, Green JP, Kaufmann CA, Khandelwal JK, Morrishow AM, Kirch DG, Linnoila M, Wyatt RJ: Histamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with chronic schizophrenia: their relationships to levels of other aminergic transmitters and ratings of symptoms. Schizophr Res. 1995 Jan;14(2):93-104.

pubmed_id:7711000

[15]:

reference_text:Kim YK, Myint AM, Verkerk R, Scharpe S, Steinbusch H, Leonard B: Cytokine changes and tryptophan metabolites in medication-naive and medication-free schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychobiology. 2009;59(2):123-9. doi: 10.1159/000213565. Epub 2009 Apr 22.

pubmed_id:19390223

[16]:

reference_text:Yang J, Chen T, Sun L, Zhao Z, Qi X, Zhou K, Cao Y, Wang X, Qiu Y, Su M, Zhao A, Wang P, Yang P, Wu J, Feng G, He L, Jia W, Wan C: Potential metabolite markers of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2013 Jan;18(1):67-78. doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.131. Epub 2011 Oct 25.

pubmed_id:22024767

[17]:

reference_text:Xuan J, Pan G, Qiu Y, Yang L, Su M, Liu Y, Chen J, Feng G, Fang Y, Jia W, Xing Q, He L: Metabolomic profiling to identify potential serum biomarkers for schizophrenia and risperidone action. J Proteome Res. 2011 Dec 2;10(12):5433-43. doi: 10.1021/pr2006796. Epub 2011 Nov 8.

pubmed_id:22007635

[18]:

reference_text:Schwarz E, Guest PC, Rahmoune H, Harris LW, Wang L, Leweke FM, Rothermundt M, Bogerts B, Koethe D, Kranaster L, Ohrmann P, Suslow T, McAllister G, Spain M, Barnes A, van Beveren NJ, Baron-Cohen S, Steiner J, Torrey FE, Yolken RH, Bahn S: Identification of a biological signature for schizophrenia in serum. Mol Psychiatry. 2012 May;17(5):494-502. doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.42. Epub 2011 Apr 12.

pubmed_id:21483431

[19]:

reference_text:Mathe AA, Eberhard G, Saaf J, Wetterberg L: Plasma prostaglandin E2 metabolite--measured as 11-deoxy-15-keto-13,14-dihydro-11 beta,16 xi-cyclo-PGE2--in twins with schizophrenic disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1986 Sep;21(11):1024-30.

pubmed_id:3741918

[20]:

reference_text:Kuloglu M, Ustundag B, Atmaca M, Canatan H, Tezcan AE, Cinkilinc N: Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme levels in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Cell Biochem Funct. 2002 Jun;20(2):171-5.

pubmed_id:11979513

[21]:

reference_text:Zumarraga M, Davila R, Basterreche N, Arrue A, Goienetxea B, Zamalloa MI, Erkoreka L, Bustamante S, Inchausti L, Gonzalez-Torres MA, Guimon J: Catechol O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase A genotypes, and plasma catecholamine metabolites in bipolar and schizophrenic patients. Neurochem Int. 2010 May-Jun;56(6-7):774-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.02.015. Epub 2010 Mar 4.

pubmed_id:20206656

[22]:

reference_text:Peters JG: Dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin spinal fluid metabolites in temporal lobe epileptic patients with schizophrenic symptomatology. Eur Neurol. 1979;18(1):15-8.

pubmed_id:436860

[23]:

reference_text:Yao JK, Dougherty GG Jr, Reddy RD, Keshavan MS, Montrose DM, Matson WR, Rozen S, Krishnan RR, McEvoy J, Kaddurah-Daouk R: Altered interactions of tryptophan metabolites in first-episode neuroleptic-naive patients with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2010 Sep;15(9):938-53. doi: 10.1038/mp.2009.33. Epub 2009 Apr 28.

pubmed_id:19401681

[24]:

reference_text:Gattaz WF, Waldmeier P, Beckmann H: CSF monoamine metabolites in schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1982 Nov;66(5):350-60.

pubmed_id:6184954

[25]:

reference_text:Nilsson-Todd LK, Nordin C, Jonsson EG, Skogh E, Erhardt S: Cerebrospinal fluid kynurenic acid in male patients with schizophrenia - correlation with monoamine metabolites. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2007 Feb;19(1):45-52. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2006.00170.x.

pubmed_id:26952797

[26]:

reference_text:Cai HL, Li HD, Yan XZ, Sun B, Zhang Q, Yan M, Zhang WY, Jiang P, Zhu RH, Liu YP, Fang PF, Xu P, Yuan HY, Zhang XH, Hu L, Yang W, Ye HS: Metabolomic analysis of biochemical changes in the plasma and urine of first-episode neuroleptic-naive schizophrenia patients after treatment with risperidone. J Proteome Res. 2012 Aug 3;11(8):4338-50. doi: 10.1021/pr300459d. Epub 2012 Jul 26.

pubmed_id:22800120

[27]:

reference_text:Al Awam K, Haussleiter IS, Dudley E, Donev R, Brune M, Juckel G, Thome J: Multiplatform metabolome and proteome profiling identifies serum metabolite and protein signatures as prospective biomarkers for schizophrenia. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2015 Aug;122 Suppl 1:S111-22. doi: 10.1007/s00702-014-1224-0. Epub 2014 May 1.

pubmed_id:24789758

[28]:

reference_text:Bicikova M, Hill M, Ripova D, Mohr P, Hampl R: Determination of steroid metabolome as a possible tool for laboratory diagnosis of schizophrenia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2013 Jan;133:77-83. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.08.009. Epub 2012 Aug 24.

pubmed_id:22944140

[29]:

reference_text:He Y, Yu Z, Giegling I, Xie L, Hartmann AM, Prehn C, Adamski J, Kahn R, Li Y, Illig T, Wang-Sattler R, Rujescu D: Schizophrenia shows a unique metabolomics signature in plasma. Transl Psychiatry. 2012 Aug 14;2:e149. doi: 10.1038/tp.2012.76.

pubmed_id:22892715

[30]:

reference_text:Kaddurah-Daouk R, McEvoy J, Baillie RA, Lee D, Yao JK, Doraiswamy PM, Krishnan KR: Metabolomic mapping of atypical antipsychotic effects in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2007 Oct;12(10):934-45. Epub 2007 Apr 17.

pubmed_id:17440431

[31]:

reference_text:Fryar-Williams S, Strobel JE: Biomarkers of a five-domain translational substrate for schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychosis. Biomark Res. 2015 Feb 6;3:3. doi: 10.1186/s40364-015-0028-1. eCollection 2015.

pubmed_id:25729574

[32]:

reference_text:Oresic M, Seppanen-Laakso T, Sun D, Tang J, Therman S, Viehman R, Mustonen U, van Erp TG, Hyotylainen T, Thompson P, Toga AW, Huttunen MO, Suvisaari J, Kaprio J, Lonnqvist J, Cannon TD: Phospholipids and insulin resistance in psychosis: a lipidomics study of twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia. Genome Med. 2012 Jan 18;4(1):1. doi: 10.1186/gm300.

pubmed_id:22257447

3:

name:Irritable bowel syndrome

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Bearcroft CP, Perrett D, Farthing MJ: Postprandial plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine in diarrhoea predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot study. Gut. 1998 Jan;42(1):42-6.

pubmed_id:9505884

[2]:

reference_text:Brydon WG, Nyhlin H, Eastwood MA, Merrick MV: Serum 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and selenohomocholyltaurine (SeHCAT) whole body retention in the assessment of bile acid induced diarrhoea. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1996 Feb;8(2):117-23.

pubmed_id:8723414

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reference_text:Ponnusamy K, Choi JN, Kim J, Lee SY, Lee CH: Microbial community and metabolomic comparison of irritable bowel syndrome faeces. J Med Microbiol. 2011 Jun;60(Pt 6):817-27. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.028126-0. Epub 2011 Feb 17.

pubmed_id:21330412

[4]:

reference_text:Le Gall G, Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, Jamieson C, Johnson IT, Colquhoun IJ, Kemsley EK, Narbad A: Metabolomics of fecal extracts detects altered metabolic activity of gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. J Proteome Res. 2011 Sep 2;10(9):4208-18. doi: 10.1021/pr2003598. Epub 2011 Aug 8.

pubmed_id:21761941

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reference_text:Hong YS, Hong KS, Park MH, Ahn YT, Lee JH, Huh CS, Lee J, Kim IK, Hwang GS, Kim JS: Metabonomic understanding of probiotic effects in humans with irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011 May-Jun;45(5):415-25. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318207f76c.

pubmed_id:21494186

[6]:

reference_text:Walton C, Fowler DP, Turner C, Jia W, Whitehead RN, Griffiths L, Dawson C, Waring RH, Ramsden DB, Cole JA, Cauchi M, Bessant C, Hunter JO: Analysis of volatile organic compounds of bacterial origin in chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Sep;19(10):2069-78. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e31829a91f6.

pubmed_id:23867873

[7]:

reference_text:Zeber-Lubecka N, Kulecka M, Ambrozkiewicz F, Paziewska A, Goryca K, Karczmarski J, Rubel T, Wojtowicz W, Mlynarz P, Marczak L, Tomecki R, Mikula M, Ostrowski J: Limited prolonged effects of rifaximin treatment on irritable bowel syndrome-related differences in the fecal microbiome and metabolome. Gut Microbes. 2016 Sep 2;7(5):397-413. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1215805. Epub 2016 Jul 26.

pubmed_id:27662586

4:

name:Colorectal cancer

omim_id:114500

[1]:

reference_text:Ishiwata S, Itoh K, Yamaguchi T, Ishida N, Mizugaki M: Comparison of serum and urinary levels of modified nucleoside, 1-methyladenosine, in cancer patients using a monoclonal antibody-based inhibition ELISA. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1995 May;176(1):61-8.

pubmed_id:7482520

[2]:

reference_text:Monleon D, Morales JM, Barrasa A, Lopez JA, Vazquez C, Celda B: Metabolite profiling of fecal water extracts from human colorectal cancer. NMR Biomed. 2009 Apr;22(3):342-8. doi: 10.1002/nbm.1345.

pubmed_id:19006102

[3]:

reference_text:Weir TL, Manter DK, Sheflin AM, Barnett BA, Heuberger AL, Ryan EP: Stool microbiome and metabolome differences between colorectal cancer patients and healthy adults. PLoS One. 2013 Aug 6;8(8):e70803. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070803. Print 2013.

pubmed_id:23940645

[4]:

reference_text:Phua LC, Chue XP, Koh PK, Cheah PY, Ho HK, Chan EC: Non-invasive fecal metabonomic detection of colorectal cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 2014 Apr;15(4):389-97. doi: 10.4161/cbt.27625. Epub 2014 Jan 14.

pubmed_id:24424155

[5]:

reference_text:Ritchie SA, Ahiahonu PW, Jayasinghe D, Heath D, Liu J, Lu Y, Jin W, Kavianpour A, Yamazaki Y, Khan AM, Hossain M, Su-Myat KK, Wood PL, Krenitsky K, Takemasa I, Miyake M, Sekimoto M, Monden M, Matsubara H, Nomura F, Goodenowe DB: Reduced levels of hydroxylated, polyunsaturated ultra long-chain fatty acids in the serum of colorectal cancer patients: implications for early screening and detection. BMC Med. 2010 Feb 15;8:13. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-8-13.

pubmed_id:20156336

[6]:

reference_text:Qiu Y, Cai G, Su M, Chen T, Zheng X, Xu Y, Ni Y, Zhao A, Xu LX, Cai S, Jia W: Serum metabolite profiling of human colorectal cancer using GC-TOFMS and UPLC-QTOFMS. J Proteome Res. 2009 Oct;8(10):4844-50. doi: 10.1021/pr9004162.

pubmed_id:19678709

[7]:

reference_text:Cheng Y, Xie G, Chen T, Qiu Y, Zou X, Zheng M, Tan B, Feng B, Dong T, He P, Zhao L, Zhao A, Xu LX, Zhang Y, Jia W: Distinct urinary metabolic profile of human colorectal cancer. J Proteome Res. 2012 Feb 3;11(2):1354-63. doi: 10.1021/pr201001a. Epub 2011 Dec 28.

pubmed_id:22148915

[8]:

reference_text:Ni Y, Xie G, Jia W: Metabonomics of human colorectal cancer: new approaches for early diagnosis and biomarker discovery. J Proteome Res. 2014 Sep 5;13(9):3857-70. doi: 10.1021/pr500443c. Epub 2014 Aug 14.

pubmed_id:25105552

[9]:

reference_text:Ikeda A, Nishiumi S, Shinohara M, Yoshie T, Hatano N, Okuno T, Bamba T, Fukusaki E, Takenawa T, Azuma T, Yoshida M: Serum metabolomics as a novel diagnostic approach for gastrointestinal cancer. Biomed Chromatogr. 2012 May;26(5):548-58. doi: 10.1002/bmc.1671. Epub 2011 Jul 20.

pubmed_id:21773981

[10]:

reference_text:Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18.

pubmed_id:25037050

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reference_text:Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016.

pubmed_id:27015276

[12]:

reference_text:Lin Y, Ma C, Liu C, Wang Z, Yang J, Liu X, Shen Z, Wu R: NMR-based fecal metabolomics fingerprinting as predictors of earlier diagnosis in patients with colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 2016 May 17;7(20):29454-64. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.8762.

pubmed_id:27107423

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reference_text:Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016.

pubmed_id:27275383

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reference_text:Wang X, Wang J, Rao B, Deng L: Gut flora profiling and fecal metabolite composition of colorectal cancer patients and healthy individuals. Exp Ther Med. 2017 Jun;13(6):2848-2854. doi: 10.3892/etm.2017.4367. Epub 2017 Apr 20.

pubmed_id:28587349

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reference_text:Silke Matysik, Caroline Ivanne Le Roy, Gerhard Liebisch, Sandrine Paule Claus. Metabolomics of fecal samples: A practical consideration. Trends in Food Science & Technology. Vol. 57, Part B, Nov. 2016, p.244-255: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924224416301984

5:

name:Ulcerative colitis

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Knox C, Law V, Jewison T, Liu P, Ly S, Frolkis A, Pon A, Banco K, Mak C, Neveu V, Djoumbou Y, Eisner R, Guo AC, Wishart DS: DrugBank 3.0: a comprehensive resource for 'omics' research on drugs. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jan;39(Database issue):D1035-41. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq1126. Epub 2010 Nov 8.

pubmed_id:21059682

[2]:

reference_text:Almer S, Andersson T, Strom M: Pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid in patients with ulcerative colitis and in healthy volunteers after the single instillation of 2 g rectally. J Clin Pharmacol. 1992 Jan;32(1):49-54.

pubmed_id:1740537

[3]:

reference_text:Marchesi JR, Holmes E, Khan F, Kochhar S, Scanlan P, Shanahan F, Wilson ID, Wang Y: Rapid and noninvasive metabonomic characterization of inflammatory bowel disease. J Proteome Res. 2007 Feb;6(2):546-51.

pubmed_id:17269711

[4]:

reference_text:Garner CE, Smith S, de Lacy Costello B, White P, Spencer R, Probert CS, Ratcliffe NM: Volatile organic compounds from feces and their potential for diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease. FASEB J. 2007 Jun;21(8):1675-88. Epub 2007 Feb 21.

pubmed_id:17314143

[5]:

reference_text:Le Gall G, Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, Jamieson C, Johnson IT, Colquhoun IJ, Kemsley EK, Narbad A: Metabolomics of fecal extracts detects altered metabolic activity of gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. J Proteome Res. 2011 Sep 2;10(9):4208-18. doi: 10.1021/pr2003598. Epub 2011 Aug 8.

pubmed_id:21761941

[6]:

reference_text:Ahmed I, Greenwood R, Costello Bde L, Ratcliffe NM, Probert CS: An investigation of fecal volatile organic metabolites in irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58204. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058204. Epub 2013 Mar 13.

pubmed_id:23516449

[7]:

reference_text:Walton C, Fowler DP, Turner C, Jia W, Whitehead RN, Griffiths L, Dawson C, Waring RH, Ramsden DB, Cole JA, Cauchi M, Bessant C, Hunter JO: Analysis of volatile organic compounds of bacterial origin in chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Sep;19(10):2069-78. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e31829a91f6.

pubmed_id:23867873

[8]:

reference_text:De Preter V, Machiels K, Joossens M, Arijs I, Matthys C, Vermeire S, Rutgeerts P, Verbeke K: Faecal metabolite profiling identifies medium-chain fatty acids as discriminating compounds in IBD. Gut. 2015 Mar;64(3):447-58. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306423. Epub 2014 May 8.

pubmed_id:24811995

[9]:

reference_text:Bjerrum JT, Wang Y, Hao F, Coskun M, Ludwig C, Gunther U, Nielsen OH: Metabonomics of human fecal extracts characterize ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and healthy individuals. Metabolomics. 2015;11:122-133. Epub 2014 Jun 1.

pubmed_id:25598765

[10]:

reference_text:Ahmed I, Greenwood R, Costello B, Ratcliffe N, Probert CS: Investigation of faecal volatile organic metabolites as novel diagnostic biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Mar;43(5):596-611. doi: 10.1111/apt.13522. Epub 2016 Jan 25.

pubmed_id:26806034

[11]:

reference_text:Lee T, Clavel T, Smirnov K, Schmidt A, Lagkouvardos I, Walker A, Lucio M, Michalke B, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Fedorak R, Haller D: Oral versus intravenous iron replacement therapy distinctly alters the gut microbiota and metabolome in patients with IBD. Gut. 2017 May;66(5):863-871. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309940. Epub 2016 Feb 4.

pubmed_id:26848182

[12]:

reference_text:Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158.

pubmed_id:27609529

[13]:

reference_text:Azario I, Pievani A, Del Priore F, Antolini L, Santi L, Corsi A, Cardinale L, Sawamoto K, Kubaski F, Gentner B, Bernardo ME, Valsecchi MG, Riminucci M, Tomatsu S, Aiuti A, Biondi A, Serafini M: Neonatal umbilical cord blood transplantation halts skeletal disease progression in the murine model of MPS-I. Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 25;7(1):9473. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09958-9.

pubmed_id:28842642

6:

name:Supragingival Calculus

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26.

pubmed_id:31026179

7:

name:5-oxoprolinase deficiency

omim_id:260005

[1]:

reference_text:Calpena E, Deshpande AA, Yap S, Kumar A, Manning NJ, Bachhawat AK, Espinos C: New insights into the genetics of 5-oxoprolinase deficiency and further evidence that it is a benign biochemical condition. Eur J Pediatr. 2015 Mar;174(3):407-11. doi: 10.1007/s00431-014-2397-0. Epub 2014 Aug 17.

pubmed_id:25129617

[2]:

reference_text:Mayatepek E: 5-Oxoprolinuria in patients with and without defects in the gamma-glutamyl cycle. Eur J Pediatr. 1999 Mar;158(3):221-5.

pubmed_id:10094443

[3]:

reference_text:MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)

pubmed_id:

8:

name:Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

omim_id:601313

[1]:

reference_text:Wang D, Strandgaard S, Borresen ML, Luo Z, Connors SG, Yan Q, Wilcox CS: Asymmetric dimethylarginine and lipid peroxidation products in early autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008 Feb;51(2):184-91. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.09.020.

pubmed_id:18215696

[2]:

reference_text:Gronwald W, Klein MS, Zeltner R, Schulze BD, Reinhold SW, Deutschmann M, Immervoll AK, Boger CA, Banas B, Eckardt KU, Oefner PJ: Detection of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease by NMR spectroscopic fingerprinting of urine. Kidney Int. 2011 Jun;79(11):1244-53. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.30. Epub 2011 Mar 9.

pubmed_id:21389975

9:

name:Eosinophilic esophagitis

omim_id:610247

[1]:

reference_text:Mordechai, Hien, and David S. Wishart

pubmed_id:

KEGG数据库编号
C01879
DrugBank数据库编号
DB03088
foodb数据库编号
FDB014506
ChemSpider数据库编号
公共化学化合物编号
7405
PDB数据库编号
生物利益的化学实体数据库编号
18183
knapsack数据库编号
C00007403
维基百科编号
Pyroglutamic_acid
代谢途径的数据库编号
5-OXOPROLINE
苯酚资源管理器化合物数据库编号
比格数据库编号
梅林编号
虚拟机身份证编号
5OXPRO
fbonto数据库编号
综合参考
Pumpor, Ksenia; Boettcher, Christoph; Fehn, Susanna; Burger, Klaus. Hexafluoroacetone as protecting and activating reagent: an efficient strategy for activation of pyroglutamic acid and homologs.Heterocycles (2003), 61 259-269.
一般参考
1:

protein_accession:HMDBP00692

name:Glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase

uniprot_id:Q16769

gene_name:QPCT

protein_type:Unknown

2:

protein_accession:HMDBP00855

name:5-oxoprolinase

uniprot_id:O14841

gene_name:OPLAH

protein_type:Enzyme

3:

protein_accession:HMDBP01814

name:Angiogenin

uniprot_id:P03950

gene_name:ANG

protein_type:Enzyme

4:

protein_accession:HMDBP01839

name:Ig lambda chain V-II region MGC

uniprot_id:P01709

gene_name:

protein_type:Enzyme

5:

protein_accession:HMDBP02083

name:Alpha-amylase 1

uniprot_id:P04745

gene_name:AMY1A

protein_type:Unknown

6:

protein_accession:HMDBP02084

name:Pancreatic alpha-amylase

uniprot_id:P04746

gene_name:AMY2A

protein_type:Unknown

7:

protein_accession:HMDBP02130

name:Vascular endothelial growth factor A

uniprot_id:P15692

gene_name:VEGFA

protein_type:Enzyme

8:

protein_accession:HMDBP02146

name:Alpha-amylase 2B

uniprot_id:P19961

gene_name:AMY2B

protein_type:Unknown

9:

protein_accession:HMDBP02340

name:Orexin

uniprot_id:O43612

gene_name:HCRT

protein_type:Enzyme

10:

protein_accession:HMDBP09388

name:Gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase

uniprot_id:O75223

gene_name:GGCT

protein_type:Enzyme

11:

protein_accession:HMDBP11568

name:Ig lambda-1 chain C regions

uniprot_id:P0CG04

gene_name:IGLC1

protein_type:Enzyme

12:

protein_accession:HMDBP11746

name:Gamma-glutamylaminecyclotransferase

uniprot_id:Q9BVM4

gene_name:GGACT

protein_type:Unknown

蛋白质结合
1:

reference_text:Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762.

pubmed_id:19212411

2:

reference_text:Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6.

pubmed_id:8087979

3:

reference_text:Hoffmann GF, Meier-Augenstein W, Stockler S, Surtees R, Rating D, Nyhan WL: Physiology and pathophysiology of organic acids in cerebrospinal fluid. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1993;16(4):648-69.

pubmed_id:8412012

4:

reference_text:Jellum E, Stokke O, Eldjarn L: Combined use of gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and computer in diagnosis and studies of metabolic disorders. Clin Chem. 1972 Aug;18(8):800-9.

pubmed_id:4557757

5:

reference_text:Wevers RA, Engelke U, Heerschap A: High-resolution 1H-NMR spectroscopy of blood plasma for metabolic studies. Clin Chem. 1994 Jul;40(7 Pt 1):1245-50.

pubmed_id:8013094

6:

reference_text:Manning NJ, Davies NP, Olpin SE, Carpenter KH, Smith MF, Pollitt RJ, Duncan SL, Larsson A, Carlsson B: Prenatal diagnosis of glutathione synthase deficiency. Prenat Diagn. 1994 Jun;14(6):475-8.

pubmed_id:7937585

7:

reference_text:Caspers PJ, Lucassen GW, Carter EA, Bruining HA, Puppels GJ: In vivo confocal Raman microspectroscopy of the skin: noninvasive determination of molecular concentration profiles. J Invest Dermatol. 2001 Mar;116(3):434-42.

pubmed_id:11231318

8:

reference_text:Hussain Z, Lannigan R, Stoakes L: A new approach for presumptive identification of clinically important streptococci. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 1984 Oct;258(1):74-9.

pubmed_id:6441390

9:

reference_text:Creer MH, Lau BW, Jones JD, Chan KM: Pyroglutamic acidemia in an adult patient. Clin Chem. 1989 Apr;35(4):684-6.

pubmed_id:2702756

10:

reference_text:Hammond JW, Potter M, Truscott R, Wilcken B: gamma-Glutamylglutamine identified in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from hyperammonaemic patients. Clin Chim Acta. 1990 Dec 24;194(2-3):173-83.

pubmed_id:2093471

11:

reference_text:Uhlhaas S, Lange H: Striatal deficiency of L-pyroglutamic acid in Huntington's disease is accompanied by increased plasma levels. Brain Res. 1988 Aug 2;457(1):196-9.

pubmed_id:2971422

12:

reference_text:Croal BL, Glen AC, Kelly CJ, Logan RW: Transient 5-oxoprolinuria (pyroglutamic aciduria) with systemic acidosis in an adult receiving antibiotic therapy. Clin Chem. 1998 Feb;44(2):336-40.

pubmed_id:9474033

13:

reference_text:Winslow JW, Shih A, Bourell JH, Weiss G, Reed B, Stults JT, Goldsmith LT: Human seminal relaxin is a product of the same gene as human luteal relaxin. Endocrinology. 1992 May;130(5):2660-8.

pubmed_id:1572287

14:

reference_text:Erasmus E, Mienie LJ, de Vries WN, de Wet WJ, Carlsson B, Larsson A: Prenatal analysis in two suspected cases of glutathione synthetase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1993;16(5):837-43.

pubmed_id:8295398

15:

reference_text:Palekar AG, Tate SS, Sullivan JF, Meister A: Accumulation of 50oxo-L-proline and 5-oxo-D-proline in the blood plasma in end stage renal disease. Biochem Med. 1975 Nov;14(3):339-45.

pubmed_id:1225334

16:

reference_text:Monsigny M, Rondanino C, Duverger E, Fajac I, Roche AC: Glyco-dependent nuclear import of glycoproteins, glycoplexes and glycosylated plasmids. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004 Jul 6;1673(1-2):94-103.

pubmed_id:15238252

17:

reference_text:Thiele I, Swainston N, Fleming RM, Hoppe A, Sahoo S, Aurich MK, Haraldsdottir H, Mo ML, Rolfsson O, Stobbe MD, Thorleifsson SG, Agren R, Bolling C, Bordel S, Chavali AK, Dobson P, Dunn WB, Endler L, Hala D, Hucka M, Hull D, Jameson D, Jamshidi N, Jonsson JJ, Juty N, Keating S, Nookaew I, Le Novere N, Malys N, Mazein A, Papin JA, Price ND, Selkov E Sr, Sigurdsson MI, Simeonidis E, Sonnenschein N, Smallbone K, Sorokin A, van Beek JH, Weichart D, Goryanin I, Nielsen J, Westerhoff HV, Kell DB, Mendes P, Palsson BO: A community-driven global reconstruction of human metabolism. Nat Biotechnol. 2013 May;31(5):419-25. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2488. Epub 2013 Mar 3.

pubmed_id:23455439

18:

reference_text:Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043.

pubmed_id:32033212

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