创建日期
2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
更新日期
2020-02-27 20:29:27 UTC
二级访问
HMDB00026
HMDB0062812
HMDB62812
描述
Ureidopropionic acid, also known as 3-ureidopropanoate or N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as ureas. Ureas are compounds containing two amine groups joined by a carbonyl (C=O) functional group. Ureidopropionic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of uracil. More specifically, it is a breakdown product of dihydrouracil and is produced by the enzyme dihydropyrimidase. It is further decomposed into beta-alanine via the enzyme beta-ureidopropionase. Ureidopropionic acid is essentially a urea derivative of beta-alanine. High levels of ureidopropionic acid are found in individuals with beta-ureidopropionase (UP) deficiency (PMID: 11675655). Enzyme deficiencies in pyrimidine metabolism are associated with a risk for severe toxicity against the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Ureidopropionic acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gram beans, broccoli, climbing beans, oriental wheat, and mandarin orange (clementine, tangerine). This could make ureidopropionic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
同义词
1:3-[(Aminocarbonyl)amino]propanoic acid
2:3-Ureidopropanoate
3:3-Ureidopropanoic acid
4:3-Ureidopropionate
5:3-Ureidopropionic acid
6:beta-Ureidopropionic acid
7:N-(AMINOCARBONYL)-BETA-alanine
8:Ureidopropanoic acid
9:N-Carbamoyl-beta-alanine
10:3-[(Aminocarbonyl)amino]propanoate
11:b-Ureidopropionate
12:b-Ureidopropionic acid
13:beta-Ureidopropionate
14:Β-ureidopropionate
15:Β-ureidopropionic acid
16:N-(AMINOCARBONYL)-b-alanine
17:N-(AMINOCARBONYL)-β-alanine
18:Ureidopropanoate
19:N-Carbamoyl-b-alanine
20:N-Carbamoyl-β-alanine
21:Ureidopropionate
22:3-(carbamoylamino)Propanoate
23:3-(carbamoylamino)Propanoic acid
24:3-ureido-Propionate
25:Carbamoyl-b-ala-OH
26:Carbamoyl-beta-ala-OH
27:N-(Aminocarbonyl)-'b-alanine
28:N-Carbamyl-b-alanine
29:N-Carbamyl-beta-alanine
30:Ion(-1) OF N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine
31:Carbamoyl-beta-alanine
32:Carbamoyl-β-alanine
33:Carbamyl beta-alanine
34:Carbamyl β-alanine
35:beta-Ureidopropanoic acid
36:β-Ureidopropanoic acid
化学名称
3-(carbamoylamino)propanoic acid
传统名称
ureidopropionic acid
inchi标识符
InChI=1S/C4H8N2O3/c5-4(9)6-2-1-3(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H3,5,6,9)
印记键
JSJWCHRYRHKBBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
分类学
description: belongs to the class of organic compounds known as ureas. Ureas are compounds containing two amine groups joined by a carbonyl (C=O) functional group.
description:Ureas
kingdom:Organic compounds
super_class:Organic acids and derivatives
class:Organic carbonic acids and derivatives
sub_class:Ureas
molecular_framework:Aliphatic acyclic compounds
1:Carbonyl compounds
2:Carboxylic acids
3:Hydrocarbon derivatives
4:Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
5:Organic oxides
6:Organonitrogen compounds
7:Organopnictogen compounds
8:Aliphatic acyclic compound
9:Carbonyl group
10:Carboxylic acid
11:Carboxylic acid derivative
12:Hydrocarbon derivative
13:Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
14:Organic nitrogen compound
15:Organic oxide
16:Organic oxygen compound
17:Organonitrogen compound
18:Organooxygen compound
19:Organopnictogen compound
20:Urea
21:beta-alanine derivative
本体论
term:Disposition
definition:A concept that describes the origin of a chemical, its location within an organism, or its route of exposure.
parent_id:
level:1
type:parent
term:Route of exposure
definition:A mean by which a chemical agent comes in contact with an organism, either under intended or unintended circumstances.
parent_id:7724
*level:2
type:parent
term:Enteral
definition:Chemical exposure via the alimentary canal (mouth to anus).
parent_id:7743
**level:3
type:parent
term:Ingestion
definition:Chemical exposure facilitated by entry through the mouth.
parent_id:7744
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Digestion
term:Source
definition:Natural or synthetic origin of a chemical.
parent_id:7724
*level:2
type:parent
term:Endogenous
definition:
parent_id:7735
**level:3
type:child
term:Food
definition:
parent_id:7735
**level:3
type:child
term:Biological
definition:A living organism (species or a higher taxonomy rank), in which a chemical can be found.
parent_id:7735
**level:3
type:parent
term:Animal
definition:A living organism belonging to the kingdom animalia. it feeds on organic matter, typically having specialized sense organs and nervous system and able to respond rapidly to stimuli.
parent_id:7736
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Fauna
term:Plant
definition:A living organism belonging to the kingdom plantea. typically, it grows in a permanent site, absorbs water and inorganic substances through its roots, and synthesizes nutrients in its leaves by photosynthesis using the green pigment chlorophyll. examples incude trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses.
parent_id:7736
***level:4
type:parent
synonym:Flora
term:Biological location
definition:The physiological origin within an organism, including anatomical compnents, biofluids and excreta.
parent_id:7724
*level:2
type:parent
term:Tissue and substructures
definition:An anatomical organizational level including multiple cells yet not comprising a complete organ .
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Placenta
definition:An organ present in some vertebrates during embryonic gestation that surrounds the fetus and provides it with nutrients and oxygen, facilitates gas and waste exchange between the fetus and mother, and provides parasitic cloaking from the mother's immune system by excretion of neurokinin b. (nci).
parent_id:7729
***level:4
type:child
term:Biofluid and excreta
definition:A liquid, semi-solid or solid material originating in the body.
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Feces
definition:The material discharged from the bowel during defecation. It consists of undigested food, intestinal mucus, epithelial cells, and bacteria.
parent_id:7731
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Fecal
synonym:Stool
synonym:Faecal
synonym:Faeces
term:Urine
definition:Excretion in liquid state processed by the kidney.
parent_id:7731
***level:4
type:child
term:Blood
definition:A liquid tissue with the primary function of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide (nci). it supplies the tissues with nutrients, removes waste products, and contains various components of the immune system defending the body against infection.
parent_id:7731
***level:4
type:child
term:Cerebrospinal fluid
definition:The fluid that is contained within the brain ventricles, the subarachnoid space and the central canal of the spinal cord. (nci).
parent_id:7731
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Csf
term:Subcellular
definition:An anatomical organizational level including a component within a biological cell .
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Cytoplasm
definition:The portion of the cell contained within the plasma membrane but excluding the nucleus.
parent_id:7730
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Cytoplasma
term:Process
definition:Biological or chemical events, or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.
parent_id:
level:1
type:parent
term:Naturally occurring process
definition:Naturally-occurring molecular events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.
parent_id:7659
*level:2
type:parent
term:Biological process
definition:Biological or chemical events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product within an organism.
parent_id:7660
**level:3
type:parent
term:Biochemical pathway
definition:A linked series of chemical reactions that occur in a defined order within or between organism cells, and lead to a known function or end product.
parent_id:7661
***level:4
type:parent
term:Role
definition:The purpose or function assumed by a chemical, either naturally or as intended by humans .
parent_id:
level:1
type:parent
term:Biological role
definition:The biological function of a chemical. the biological role answers the question how a chemical is involved in molecular processes in an organism. this can include biochemical effects of non-endogenous chemicals, which are also assigned an industrial application such as pharmaceuticals. the biological role is limited to cellular levls, and will not include role at system process level, such as a chemical which has a role in a disease.
parent_id:7671
*level:2
type:parent
term:Metabolite
definition:A chemical substance produced during metabolism process, as an intermediate or end-product.
parent_id:7672
**level:3
type:child
实验性质
1:
kind:water_solubility
value:20.9 mg/mL
source:
2:
kind:melting_point
value:170 °C
source:
预测性质
1:
kind:logp
value:-0.98
source:ALOGPS
2:
kind:logs
value:-0.40
source:ALOGPS
3:
kind:solubility
value:52.7 g/L
source:ALOGPS
4:
kind:logp
value:-1.4
source:ChemAxon
5:
kind:pka_strongest_acidic
value:4.23
source:ChemAxon
6:
kind:pka_strongest_basic
value:-2
source:ChemAxon
7:
kind:iupac
value:3-(carbamoylamino)propanoic acid
source:ChemAxon
8:
kind:average_mass
value:132.1179
source:ChemAxon
9:
kind:mono_mass
value:132.053492132
source:ChemAxon
10:
kind:smiles
value:NC(=O)NCCC(O)=O
source:ChemAxon
11:
kind:formula
value:C4H8N2O3
source:ChemAxon
12:
kind:inchi
value:InChI=1S/C4H8N2O3/c5-4(9)6-2-1-3(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H3,5,6,9)
source:ChemAxon
13:
kind:inchikey
value:JSJWCHRYRHKBBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
source:ChemAxon
14:
kind:polar_surface_area
value:92.42
source:ChemAxon
15:
kind:refractivity
value:28.82
source:ChemAxon
16:
kind:polarizability
value:12.07
source:ChemAxon
17:
kind:rotatable_bond_count
value:3
source:ChemAxon
18:
kind:acceptor_count
value:3
source:ChemAxon
19:
kind:donor_count
value:3
source:ChemAxon
20:
kind:physiological_charge
value:-1
source:ChemAxon
21:
kind:formal_charge
value:0
source:ChemAxon
22:
kind:number_of_rings
value:0
source:ChemAxon
23:
kind:bioavailability
value:Yes
source:ChemAxon
24:
kind:rule_of_five
value:Yes
source:ChemAxon
25:
kind:ghose_filter
value:No
source:ChemAxon
26:
kind:veber_rule
value:No
source:ChemAxon
27:
kind:mddr_like_rule
value:No
source:ChemAxon
1:
type:Specdb::NmrTwoD
spectrum_id:931
2:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:1106
3:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:1271
4:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:1302
5:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:1334
6:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:10368
7:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:30959
8:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:30960
9:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:30961
10:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:30962
11:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:32121
12:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:32122
13:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:37252
14:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:137989
15:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:145723
16:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:1038
17:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:141930
18:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:141931
19:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:141932
20:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:141933
21:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:141934
22:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:141935
23:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:141936
24:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:141937
25:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:141938
26:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:141939
27:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:141940
28:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:141941
29:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:141942
30:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:141943
31:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:141944
32:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:141945
33:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:141946
34:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:141947
35:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:141948
36:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:141949
生物学性质
1:
cellular:(1):Cytoplasm
2:
biospecimen:(1):Blood
biospecimen:(2):Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
biospecimen:(3):Feces
biospecimen:(4):Urine
3:
tissue:(1):Placenta
4:
[1]:
name:Beta Ureidopropionase Deficiency
smpdb_id:SMP00172
kegg_map_id:
[2]:
name:beta-Alanine metabolism
smpdb_id:
kegg_map_id:map00410
[3]:
name:Carnosinuria, carnosinemia
smpdb_id:SMP00493
kegg_map_id:
[4]:
name:Dihydropyrimidinase Deficiency
smpdb_id:SMP00178
kegg_map_id:
[5]:
name:GABA-Transaminase Deficiency
smpdb_id:SMP00351
kegg_map_id:
[6]:
name:MNGIE (Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalopathy)
smpdb_id:SMP00202
kegg_map_id:
[7]:
name:Pyrimidine metabolism
smpdb_id:
kegg_map_id:map00240
[8]:
name:UMP Synthase Deficiency (Orotic Aciduria)
smpdb_id:SMP00219
kegg_map_id:
[9]:
name:Ureidopropionase Deficiency
smpdb_id:SMP00492
kegg_map_id:
正常浓度
1:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:
concentration_units:
subject_age:
subject_sex:
subject_condition:Normal
2:
biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
concentration_value:0.0 - 0.5
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)
subject_sex:Not Specified
subject_condition:Normal
3:
biospecimen:Feces
concentration_value:
concentration_units:
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
4:
biospecimen:Feces
concentration_value:
concentration_units:
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
5:
biospecimen:Feces
concentration_value:
concentration_units:
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
6:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:2.23 (1.48 - 2.81)
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
7:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:2.09 (1.23–4.80)
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
8:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:<3.2
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
9:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.88
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
异常浓度
1:
biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
concentration_value:0.5 (0.0-1.0)
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)
patient_sex:Both
patient_information:Dihydropyrimidinase deficiency
2:
biospecimen:Feces
concentration_value:
concentration_units:
patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)
patient_sex:Both
patient_information:Colorectal cancer
3:
biospecimen:Feces
concentration_value:
concentration_units:
patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)
patient_sex:Both
patient_information:Colorectal Cancer
疾病参考
1:
name:Dihydropyrimidinase deficiency
omim_id:222748
[1]:
reference_text:van Kuilenburg AB, Meijer J, Dobritzsch D, Meinsma R, Duran M, Lohkamp B, Zoetekouw L, Abeling NG, van Tinteren HL, Bosch AM: Clinical, biochemical and genetic findings in two siblings with a dihydropyrimidinase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab. 2007 Jun;91(2):157-64. Epub 2007 Mar 26.
pubmed_id:17383919
2:
name:Colorectal cancer
omim_id:114500
[1]:
reference_text:Ishiwata S, Itoh K, Yamaguchi T, Ishida N, Mizugaki M: Comparison of serum and urinary levels of modified nucleoside, 1-methyladenosine, in cancer patients using a monoclonal antibody-based inhibition ELISA. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1995 May;176(1):61-8.
pubmed_id:7482520
[2]:
reference_text:Monleon D, Morales JM, Barrasa A, Lopez JA, Vazquez C, Celda B: Metabolite profiling of fecal water extracts from human colorectal cancer. NMR Biomed. 2009 Apr;22(3):342-8. doi: 10.1002/nbm.1345.
pubmed_id:19006102
[3]:
reference_text:Weir TL, Manter DK, Sheflin AM, Barnett BA, Heuberger AL, Ryan EP: Stool microbiome and metabolome differences between colorectal cancer patients and healthy adults. PLoS One. 2013 Aug 6;8(8):e70803. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070803. Print 2013.
pubmed_id:23940645
[4]:
reference_text:Phua LC, Chue XP, Koh PK, Cheah PY, Ho HK, Chan EC: Non-invasive fecal metabonomic detection of colorectal cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 2014 Apr;15(4):389-97. doi: 10.4161/cbt.27625. Epub 2014 Jan 14.
pubmed_id:24424155
[5]:
reference_text:Ritchie SA, Ahiahonu PW, Jayasinghe D, Heath D, Liu J, Lu Y, Jin W, Kavianpour A, Yamazaki Y, Khan AM, Hossain M, Su-Myat KK, Wood PL, Krenitsky K, Takemasa I, Miyake M, Sekimoto M, Monden M, Matsubara H, Nomura F, Goodenowe DB: Reduced levels of hydroxylated, polyunsaturated ultra long-chain fatty acids in the serum of colorectal cancer patients: implications for early screening and detection. BMC Med. 2010 Feb 15;8:13. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-8-13.
pubmed_id:20156336
[6]:
reference_text:Qiu Y, Cai G, Su M, Chen T, Zheng X, Xu Y, Ni Y, Zhao A, Xu LX, Cai S, Jia W: Serum metabolite profiling of human colorectal cancer using GC-TOFMS and UPLC-QTOFMS. J Proteome Res. 2009 Oct;8(10):4844-50. doi: 10.1021/pr9004162.
pubmed_id:19678709
[7]:
reference_text:Cheng Y, Xie G, Chen T, Qiu Y, Zou X, Zheng M, Tan B, Feng B, Dong T, He P, Zhao L, Zhao A, Xu LX, Zhang Y, Jia W: Distinct urinary metabolic profile of human colorectal cancer. J Proteome Res. 2012 Feb 3;11(2):1354-63. doi: 10.1021/pr201001a. Epub 2011 Dec 28.
pubmed_id:22148915
[8]:
reference_text:Ni Y, Xie G, Jia W: Metabonomics of human colorectal cancer: new approaches for early diagnosis and biomarker discovery. J Proteome Res. 2014 Sep 5;13(9):3857-70. doi: 10.1021/pr500443c. Epub 2014 Aug 14.
pubmed_id:25105552
[9]:
reference_text:Ikeda A, Nishiumi S, Shinohara M, Yoshie T, Hatano N, Okuno T, Bamba T, Fukusaki E, Takenawa T, Azuma T, Yoshida M: Serum metabolomics as a novel diagnostic approach for gastrointestinal cancer. Biomed Chromatogr. 2012 May;26(5):548-58. doi: 10.1002/bmc.1671. Epub 2011 Jul 20.
pubmed_id:21773981
[10]:
reference_text:Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18.
pubmed_id:25037050
[11]:
reference_text:Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016.
pubmed_id:27015276
[12]:
reference_text:Lin Y, Ma C, Liu C, Wang Z, Yang J, Liu X, Shen Z, Wu R: NMR-based fecal metabolomics fingerprinting as predictors of earlier diagnosis in patients with colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 2016 May 17;7(20):29454-64. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.8762.
pubmed_id:27107423
[13]:
reference_text:Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016.
pubmed_id:27275383
[14]:
reference_text:Wang X, Wang J, Rao B, Deng L: Gut flora profiling and fecal metabolite composition of colorectal cancer patients and healthy individuals. Exp Ther Med. 2017 Jun;13(6):2848-2854. doi: 10.3892/etm.2017.4367. Epub 2017 Apr 20.
pubmed_id:28587349
[15]:
reference_text:Silke Matysik, Caroline Ivanne Le Roy, Gerhard Liebisch, Sandrine Paule Claus. Metabolomics of fecal samples: A practical consideration. Trends in Food Science & Technology. Vol. 57, Part B, Nov. 2016, p.244-255: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924224416301984
维基百科编号
3-Ureidopropionic_acid
代谢途径的数据库编号
3-UREIDO-PROPIONATE
综合参考
w-Ureido carboxylic acids. (1962), 3 pp. GB 913713 19621228 CAN 58:72975 AN 1963:72975
一般参考
1:
protein_accession:HMDBP00543
name:Dihydropyrimidinase
uniprot_id:Q14117
gene_name:DPYS
protein_type:Unknown
2:
protein_accession:HMDBP00544
name:Beta-ureidopropionase
uniprot_id:Q9UBR1
gene_name:UPB1
protein_type:Unknown
3:
protein_accession:HMDBP02980
name:Dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 3
uniprot_id:Q14195
gene_name:DPYSL3
protein_type:Enzyme
4:
protein_accession:HMDBP03165
name:Dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2
uniprot_id:Q16555
gene_name:DPYSL2
protein_type:Enzyme
蛋白质结合
1:
reference_text:Moolenaar SH, Gohlich-Ratmann G, Engelke UF, Spraul M, Humpfer E, Dvortsak P, Voit T, Hoffmann GF, Brautigam C, van Kuilenburg AB, van Gennip A, Vreken P, Wevers RA: beta-Ureidopropionase deficiency: a novel inborn error of metabolism discovered using NMR spectroscopy on urine. Magn Reson Med. 2001 Nov;46(5):1014-7.
pubmed_id:11675655
2:
reference_text:Sparidans RW, Bosch TM, Jorger M, Schellens JH, Beijnen JH: Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay for the analysis of uracil, 5,6-dihydrouracil and beta-ureidopropionic acid in urine for the measurement of the activities of the pyrimidine catabolic enzymes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2006 Jul 24;839(1-2):45-53. Epub 2006 Feb 28.
pubmed_id:16513432
3:
reference_text:Ito S, Kawamura T, Inada M, Inoue Y, Hirao Y, Koga T, Kunizaki J, Shimizu T, Sato H: Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling of the three-step metabolism of pyrimidine using C-uracil as an in vivo probe. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Dec;60(6):584-93.
pubmed_id:16305582
4:
reference_text:Hofmann U, Schwab M, Seefried S, Marx C, Zanger UM, Eichelbaum M, Murdter TE: Sensitive method for the quantification of urinary pyrimidine metabolites in healthy adults by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2003 Jul 5;791(1-2):371-80.
pubmed_id:12798197
5:
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