版本
5.0
创建日期
2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
更新日期
2021-09-07 19:37:14 UTC
登录号
HMDB0000259
地位
quantified
二级访问
HMDB00259

名称
Serotonin
描述
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a molecule that belongs to the class of compounds known as indoleamines. An indoleamine consists of an indole ring that bears an amino group or an alkyl amino group attached to the indole ring. Serotonin has an aminoethyl at position 2 and a hydroxyl group at position 5 of the indole ring. Serotonin exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In mammals, serotonin functions as a monoamine neurotransmitter, a biochemical messenger and regulator. It is synthesized from the essential amino acid L-Tryptophan. Approximately 90% of the human body's total serotonin is located in the enterochromaffin cells in the GI tract, where it regulates intestinal movements. About 8% is found in platelets and 1–2% in the CNS. Serotonin in the nervous system acts as a local transmitter at synapses, and as a paracrine or hormonal modulator of circuits upon diffusion, allowing a wide variety of "state-dependent" behavioral responses to different stimuli. Serotonin is widely distributed in the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates and some of its behavioral effects have been preserved along evolution. Such is the case of aggressive behavior and rhythmic motor patterns, including those responsible for feeding. In vertebrates, which display a wider and much more sophisticated behavioral repertoire, serotonin also modulates sleep, the arousal state, sexual behavior, and others. Deficiencies of the serotonergic system causes disorders such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobias, posttraumatic stress disorder, epilepsy, and generalized anxiety disorder. Serotonin has three different modes of action in the nervous system: as transmitter, acting locally at synaptic boutons; upon diffusion at a distance from its release sites, producing paracrine (also called volume) effects, and by circulating in the blood stream, producing hormonal effects. The three modes can affect a single neuronal circuit. (PMID: 16047543). Serotonin is also a microbial metabolite that can be found in the feces and urine of mammals. Urinary serotonin is produced by Candida, Streptococcus, Escherichia, and Enterococcus (PMID: 24621061). In plants, serotonin was first found and reported in a legume called Mucuna pruriens. The greatest concentration of serotonin in plants has been found in walnuts and hickory. In pineapples, banana, kiwi fruit, plums and tomatoes the concentration of serotonin is around 3 to 30 mg/kg.
同义词
1:3-(2-Aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol

2:5-HT

3:5-Hydroxytryptamine

4:Enteramine

5:Serotonine

6:Thrombocytin

7:Thrombotonin

8:Hippophaine

9:Hydroxytryptamine

10:5 Hydroxytryptamine

11:3-(2-Aminoethyl)indol-5-ol

12:3-(b-Aminoethyl)-5-hydroxyindole

13:5-HTA

14:5-Hydroxy-3-(b-aminoethyl)indole

15:5-Hydroxy-tryptamine

16:5-Hydroxyltryptamine

17:5-Hydroxytriptamine

18:Antemovis

19:DS Substance

20:Enteramin

化学式
C10H12N2O
平均分子量
176.2151
等位分子量
176.094963016
化学名称
3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
传统名称
serotonin
CAS 登记号
50-67-9
代谢物结构字符串
NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
inchi标识符
InChI=1S/C10H12N2O/c11-4-3-7-6-12-10-2-1-8(13)5-9(7)10/h1-2,5-6,12-13H,3-4,11H2
印记键
QZAYGJVTTNCVMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
分类学
description: belongs to the class of organic compounds known as serotonins. Serotonins are compounds containing a serotonin moiety, which consists of an indole that bears an aminoethyl a position 2 and a hydroxyl group at position 5.

description:Serotonins

kingdom:Organic compounds

super_class:Organoheterocyclic compounds

class:Indoles and derivatives

sub_class:Tryptamines and derivatives

molecular_framework:Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds

1:1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids

2:2-arylethylamines

3:3-alkylindoles

4:Aralkylamines

5:Azacyclic compounds

6:Heteroaromatic compounds

7:Hydrocarbon derivatives

8:Hydroxyindoles

9:Monoalkylamines

10:Organooxygen compounds

11:Organopnictogen compounds

12:Substituted pyrroles

13:1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid

14:2-arylethylamine

15:3-alkylindole

16:Amine

17:Aralkylamine

18:Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound

19:Azacycle

20:Benzenoid

21:Heteroaromatic compound

22:Hydrocarbon derivative

23:Hydroxyindole

24:Indole

25:Organic nitrogen compound

26:Organic oxygen compound

27:Organonitrogen compound

28:Organooxygen compound

29:Organopnictogen compound

30:Primary aliphatic amine

31:Primary amine

32:Pyrrole

33:Serotonin

34:Substituted pyrrole

35:Biogenic amines

36:Indole alkaloids

37:monoamine molecular messenger

38:phenols

39:primary amino compound

40:tryptamines

本体论
term:Physiological effect

definition:The effect on an organism physiology, resulting from its exposure to a chemical.

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Health effect

definition:A health condition or observation associated with a stimuli or with a biological activity of a chemical.

parent_id:7693

*level:2

type:parent

term:Health condition

definition:A health effect that consists on short or long-term disease, condition, disorder, syndrome or constant abnormality.

parent_id:7694

**level:3

type:parent

term:Schizophrenia

definition:A psychotic disorder that is characterized by a disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness. (do).

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:child

term:Endocrine disorders

definition:Any disorder that affects the endocrine system. it can be neoplastic (carcinoid tumor, neuroendocrine carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma) or non-neoplastic (such as diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, and adrenal gland insufficiency).

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:parent

term:Disposition

definition:A concept that describes the origin of a chemical, its location within an organism, or its route of exposure.

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Route of exposure

definition:A mean by which a chemical agent comes in contact with an organism, either under intended or unintended circumstances.

parent_id:7724

*level:2

type:parent

term:Enteral

definition:Chemical exposure via the alimentary canal (mouth to anus).

parent_id:7743

**level:3

type:parent

term:Ingestion

definition:Chemical exposure facilitated by entry through the mouth.

parent_id:7744

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Digestion

term:Source

definition:Natural or synthetic origin of a chemical.

parent_id:7724

*level:2

type:parent

term:Endogenous

definition:

parent_id:7735

**level:3

type:child

term:Food

definition:

parent_id:7735

**level:3

type:child

term:Biological

definition:A living organism (species or a higher taxonomy rank), in which a chemical can be found.

parent_id:7735

**level:3

type:parent

term:Fungi

definition:Living eukaryotic organisms belonging to the kingdom fungi. they include mushrooms as well as microbes such as yeast and mold.

parent_id:7736

***level:4

type:parent

synonym:Fungus

term:Plant

definition:A living organism belonging to the kingdom plantea. typically, it grows in a permanent site, absorbs water and inorganic substances through its roots, and synthesizes nutrients in its leaves by photosynthesis using the green pigment chlorophyll. examples incude trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses.

parent_id:7736

***level:4

type:parent

synonym:Flora

term:Microbe

definition:A living organism that is of a microscopic scale, either single-celled or a cluster of cells.

parent_id:7736

***level:4

type:parent

term:Biological location

definition:The physiological origin within an organism, including anatomical compnents, biofluids and excreta.

parent_id:7724

*level:2

type:parent

term:Organ and components

definition:An anatomical organizational level including multiple tissues or substructures, which enables a common biological function.

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Intestine

definition:The portion of the gastrointestinal tract that includes the small and large intestines.

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Bladder

definition:The distensible sac-like organ that functions as a reservoir of urine, collecting from the kidneys and eliminating via the urethra. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Brain

definition:An organ composed of grey and white matter that is the center for intelligence and reasoning. it is protected by the bony cranium. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Hypothalamus

definition:A small region of the brain composed of multiple nuclei and located underneath the thalamus.

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Prostate

definition:The male reproductive accessory gland that produces prostatic fluid and is located adjacent to or around the urethra distal to the urinary bladder in mammals. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Prostate gland

term:Kidney

definition:The organs of the urinary tract located in the retroperitoneal cavity adjacent to the spine and composed of the renal cortex and the renal medulla. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Kidneys

term:Pancreas

definition:A digestive organ in the abdomen that has both endocrine and exocrine functions. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Endocrine gland

definition:

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:parent

term:Tissue and substructures

definition:An anatomical organizational level including multiple cells yet not comprising a complete organ .

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Placenta

definition:An organ present in some vertebrates during embryonic gestation that surrounds the fetus and provides it with nutrients and oxygen, facilitates gas and waste exchange between the fetus and mother, and provides parasitic cloaking from the mother's immune system by excretion of neurokinin b. (nci).

parent_id:7729

***level:4

type:child

term:Epidermis

definition:The epithelial portion of the skin (cutis). it consists of the following layers: stratum corneum (horny layer), stratum granulosum (granular layer), stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer), and stratum basale (basal cell layer). (nci).

parent_id:7729

***level:4

type:child

term:Adipose tissue

definition:A specialized form of connective tissue consisting primarily of adipocytes (fat cells), surrounded by a meshwork of collagen fibers. (NCI)

parent_id:7729

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Fat tissue

synonym:Body fat

synonym:Adipose

term:Muscle

definition:A fibrous soft tissue with the ability to contract to produce force and motion. (nci).

parent_id:7729

***level:4

type:child

term:Biofluid and excreta

definition:A liquid, semi-solid or solid material originating in the body.

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Feces

definition:The material discharged from the bowel during defecation. It consists of undigested food, intestinal mucus, epithelial cells, and bacteria.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Fecal

synonym:Stool

synonym:Faecal

synonym:Faeces

term:Urine

definition:Excretion in liquid state processed by the kidney.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

term:Blood

definition:A liquid tissue with the primary function of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide (nci). it supplies the tissues with nutrients, removes waste products, and contains various components of the immune system defending the body against infection.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

term:Cerebrospinal fluid

definition:The fluid that is contained within the brain ventricles, the subarachnoid space and the central canal of the spinal cord. (nci).

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Csf

term:Subcellular

definition:An anatomical organizational level including a component within a biological cell .

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Cytoplasm

definition:The portion of the cell contained within the plasma membrane but excluding the nucleus.

parent_id:7730

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Cytoplasma

term:Cell and elements

definition:An anatomical organizational level comprising of a single cell (or a fragment in some exceptions). a cell is defined by its type or function. it is the smallest unit of living structure capable of independent existence, composed of a membrane-enclosed mass of protoplasm and containing a nucleus or nucleoid.

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Extracellular

definition:The space external to the outermost structure of a cell.

parent_id:7732

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Extracellular region

term:Element

definition:

parent_id:7732

***level:4

type:parent

term:Cell

definition:

parent_id:7732

***level:4

type:parent

term:Process

definition:Biological or chemical events, or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Naturally occurring process

definition:Naturally-occurring molecular events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.

parent_id:7659

*level:2

type:parent

term:Biological process

definition:Biological or chemical events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product within an organism.

parent_id:7660

**level:3

type:parent

term:Biochemical pathway

definition:A linked series of chemical reactions that occur in a defined order within or between organism cells, and lead to a known function or end product.

parent_id:7661

***level:4

type:parent

term:Role

definition:The purpose or function assumed by a chemical, either naturally or as intended by humans .

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Industrial application

definition:The assumed function of a chemical utilized by human.

parent_id:7671

*level:2

type:parent

term:Pharmaceutical industry

definition:A pharmacologic activity for which a chemical substance is utilized owing to its biological role.

parent_id:7678

**level:3

type:parent

term:Pharmaceutical

definition:

parent_id:7679

***level:4

type:child

状态
Solid
实验性质
1:

kind:water_solubility

value:25.5 mg/mL

source:Human Metabolome Project

2:

kind:logp

value:0.21

source:HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)

预测性质
1:

kind:logp

value:0.56

source:ALOGPS

2:

kind:logs

value:-1.85

source:ALOGPS

3:

kind:solubility

value:2.5 g/L

source:ALOGPS

4:

kind:logp

value:0.48

source:ChemAxon

5:

kind:pka_strongest_acidic

value:9.31

source:ChemAxon

6:

kind:pka_strongest_basic

value:10

source:ChemAxon

7:

kind:iupac

value:3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol

source:ChemAxon

8:

kind:average_mass

value:176.2151

source:ChemAxon

9:

kind:mono_mass

value:176.094963016

source:ChemAxon

10:

kind:smiles

value:NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2

source:ChemAxon

11:

kind:formula

value:C10H12N2O

source:ChemAxon

12:

kind:inchi

value:InChI=1S/C10H12N2O/c11-4-3-7-6-12-10-2-1-8(13)5-9(7)10/h1-2,5-6,12-13H,3-4,11H2

source:ChemAxon

13:

kind:inchikey

value:QZAYGJVTTNCVMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N

source:ChemAxon

14:

kind:polar_surface_area

value:62.04

source:ChemAxon

15:

kind:refractivity

value:52.35

source:ChemAxon

16:

kind:polarizability

value:19.31

source:ChemAxon

17:

kind:rotatable_bond_count

value:2

source:ChemAxon

18:

kind:acceptor_count

value:2

source:ChemAxon

19:

kind:donor_count

value:3

source:ChemAxon

20:

kind:physiological_charge

value:1

source:ChemAxon

21:

kind:formal_charge

value:0

source:ChemAxon

22:

kind:number_of_rings

value:2

source:ChemAxon

23:

kind:bioavailability

value:Yes

source:ChemAxon

24:

kind:rule_of_five

value:Yes

source:ChemAxon

25:

kind:ghose_filter

value:Yes

source:ChemAxon

26:

kind:veber_rule

value:No

source:ChemAxon

27:

kind:mddr_like_rule

value:No

source:ChemAxon

1:

type:Specdb::NmrTwoD

spectrum_id:1244

2:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:496

3:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:497

4:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:498

5:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:499

6:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:500

7:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:501

8:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:1989

9:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:2003

10:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:6026

11:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:29578

12:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:30400

13:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:30401

14:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:30689

15:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:30690

16:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:30819

17:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:30820

18:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:31105

19:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:31106

20:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:37390

21:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:145989

22:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:1294

23:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:6302

24:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:6303

25:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:6304

26:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:6305

27:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:6306

28:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:6307

29:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:6308

30:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:6309

31:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:6310

32:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:6311

33:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:6312

34:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:6313

35:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:6314

36:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:6315

37:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:6316

38:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:6317

39:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:6318

40:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:6319

41:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:6320

42:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:6321

43:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:451

44:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:452

45:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:453

46:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3791

47:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3792

48:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3793

49:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3794

50:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3795

51:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3796

52:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3803

53:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3804

54:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:241597

55:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:241598

56:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:241599

57:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:243652

58:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:243653

59:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:243654

60:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:439726

61:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:445336

62:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:445337

63:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:445338

64:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:445339

65:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:446966

66:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:446967

67:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:446968

光谱
生物学性质
1:

cellular:(1):Cytoplasm

cellular:(2):Extracellular

2:

biospecimen:(1):Blood

biospecimen:(2):Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

biospecimen:(3):Feces

biospecimen:(4):Urine

3:

tissue:(1):Adipose Tissue

tissue:(2):Adrenal Cortex

tissue:(3):Adrenal Gland

tissue:(4):Adrenal Medulla

tissue:(5):Bladder

tissue:(6):Brain

tissue:(7):Epidermis

tissue:(8):Fibroblasts

tissue:(9):Intestine

tissue:(10):Kidney

tissue:(11):Neuron

tissue:(12):Pancreas

tissue:(13):Placenta

tissue:(14):Platelet

tissue:(15):Prostate

tissue:(16):Skeletal Muscle

4:

[1]:

name:3-Methylthiofentanyl Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00679

kegg_map_id:

[2]:

name:Alfentanil Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00413

kegg_map_id:

[3]:

name:Alvimopan Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00685

kegg_map_id:

[4]:

name:Anileridine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00674

kegg_map_id:

[5]:

name:Benzocaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00392

kegg_map_id:

[6]:

name:Bupivacaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00393

kegg_map_id:

[7]:

name:Buprenorphine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00684

kegg_map_id:

[8]:

name:Carfentanil Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00414

kegg_map_id:

[9]:

name:Chloroprocaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00394

kegg_map_id:

[10]:

name:Citalopram Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00424

kegg_map_id:

[11]:

name:Cocaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00395

kegg_map_id:

[12]:

name:Codeine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00405

kegg_map_id:

[13]:

name:Desipramine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00423

kegg_map_id:

[14]:

name:Dezocine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00676

kegg_map_id:

[15]:

name:Dibucaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00396

kegg_map_id:

[16]:

name:Dihydromorphine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00689

kegg_map_id:

[17]:

name:Dimethylthiambutene Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00680

kegg_map_id:

[18]:

name:Diphenoxylate Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00675

kegg_map_id:

[19]:

name:Escitalopram Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00425

kegg_map_id:

[20]:

name:Ethylmorphine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00681

kegg_map_id:

[21]:

name:Excitatory Neural Signalling Through 5-HTR 4 and Serotonin

smpdb_id:SMP00309

kegg_map_id:

[22]:

name:Excitatory Neural Signalling Through 5-HTR 6 and Serotonin

smpdb_id:SMP00312

kegg_map_id:

[23]:

name:Excitatory Neural Signalling Through 5-HTR 7 and Serotonin

smpdb_id:SMP00311

kegg_map_id:

[24]:

name:Fentanyl Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00415

kegg_map_id:

[25]:

name:Fluoxetine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00426

kegg_map_id:

[26]:

name:Heroin Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00407

kegg_map_id:

[27]:

name:Hydrocodone Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00411

kegg_map_id:

[28]:

name:Hydromorphone Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00410

kegg_map_id:

[29]:

name:Imipramine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00422

kegg_map_id:

[30]:

name:Ketobemidone Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00690

kegg_map_id:

[31]:

name:Levallorphan Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00683

kegg_map_id:

[32]:

name:Levobupivacaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00397

kegg_map_id:

[33]:

name:Levomethadyl Acetate Action Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00677

kegg_map_id:

[34]:

name:Levorphanol Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00673

kegg_map_id:

[35]:

name:Lidocaine (Local Anaesthetic) Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00398

kegg_map_id:

[36]:

name:Mepivacaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00399

kegg_map_id:

[37]:

name:Methadone Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00408

kegg_map_id:

[38]:

name:Methadyl Acetate Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00678

kegg_map_id:

[39]:

name:Morphine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00406

kegg_map_id:

[40]:

name:Nalbuphine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00691

kegg_map_id:

[41]:

name:Naloxone Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00688

kegg_map_id:

[42]:

name:Naltrexone Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00687

kegg_map_id:

[43]:

name:Nicotine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00431

kegg_map_id:

[44]:

name:Oxybuprocaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00400

kegg_map_id:

[45]:

name:Oxycodone Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00409

kegg_map_id:

[46]:

name:Oxymorphone Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00412

kegg_map_id:

[47]:

name:Pentazocine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00686

kegg_map_id:

[48]:

name:Prilocaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00401

kegg_map_id:

[49]:

name:Procaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00402

kegg_map_id:

[50]:

name:Proparacaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00403

kegg_map_id:

[51]:

name:Propoxyphene Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00672

kegg_map_id:

[52]:

name:Remifentanil Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00416

kegg_map_id:

[53]:

name:Ropivacaine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00404

kegg_map_id:

[54]:

name:Sufentanil Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00417

kegg_map_id:

[55]:

name:Tramadol Action Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00671

kegg_map_id:

[56]:

name:Tryptophan metabolism

smpdb_id:

kegg_map_id:map00380

正常浓度
1:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:0.85 +/- 0.077

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

2:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

3:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:0.07 (0-0.15)

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

4:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:0.70 +/- 0.32

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

5:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:0.74 +/- 0.28

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

6:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:0.97 +/- 0.28

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

7:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:0.30-2.00

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

8:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:0.41 +/- 0.33

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

9:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:1.14(0.72-1.72)

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Children (1-13 uears old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

10:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.0057-0.012

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

11:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.0053-0.01

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

12:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.001 (0.0006-0.002)

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

13:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.002-0.025

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

14:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.00001 +/- 0.000002

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

15:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.0059

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

16:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

17:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

18:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Not Specified

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

19:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

20:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.026 (0.017-0.040)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

21:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.02 (0.004-0.0315)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

22:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.1512 +/- 0.0566

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

23:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

24:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.1-0.35

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

25:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.20 +/- 0.07

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

26:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.2 +/- 0.05

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

27:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.065

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

28:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:9.892 +/- 3.264

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

29:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.0110-0.0680

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

30:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.03 (0.015-0.046)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

31:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.08 (0.04-0.12)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

32:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.0350-0.0670

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

异常浓度
1:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:0.61 +/- 0.096

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Schizophrenia

2:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:1.4(0.96-1.98)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1-13 uears old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Environmental enteric dysfunction

3:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:<0.002

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:sepiapterin reductase deficiency

4:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.00001 +/- 0.0000036

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Hypothyroidism

5:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.0044 (0.00-0.0093)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Parkinson's Disease

6:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.00001 +/- 0.000004

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Hypothyroidism

7:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Colorectal Cancer

8:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.1758 +/- 0.057

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Eosinophilic esophagitis

9:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.1782 +/- 0.0798

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Gastroesophageal reflux disease

10:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:3.755 +/- 3.583

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Eosinophilic esophagitis

11:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.124-0.233

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Brunner Syndrome

12:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.188

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)

patient_sex:Female

patient_information:Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency

13:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.221

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

patient_sex:Female

patient_information:Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency

疾病参考
1:

name:Schizophrenia

omim_id:181500

[1]:

reference_text:Harnryd C, Bjerkenstedt L, Grimm VE, Sedvall G: Reduction of MOPEG levels in cerebrospinal fluid of psychotic women after electroconvulsive treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1979 Aug 8;64(2):131-4.

pubmed_id:115032

[2]:

reference_text:Kobayashi K, Koide Y, Yoshino K, Shohmori T: [P-hydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid]. No To Shinkei. 1982 Aug;34(8):769-74.

pubmed_id:7126379

[3]:

reference_text:Alfredsson G, Wiesel FA: Monoamine metabolites and amino acids in serum from schizophrenic patients before and during sulpiride treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1989;99(3):322-7.

pubmed_id:2480613

[4]:

reference_text:Heresco-Levy U, Bar G, Levin R, Ermilov M, Ebstein RP, Javitt DC: High glycine levels are associated with prepulse inhibition deficits in chronic schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res. 2007 Mar;91(1-3):14-21. Epub 2007 Feb 2.

pubmed_id:17276036

[5]:

reference_text:Walker EF, Bonsall R, Walder DJ: Plasma hormones and catecholamine metabolites in monozygotic twins discordant for psychosis. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 2002 Mar;15(1):10-7.

pubmed_id:11877547

[6]:

reference_text:Hashimoto K, Fukushima T, Shimizu E, Komatsu N, Watanabe H, Shinoda N, Nakazato M, Kumakiri C, Okada S, Hasegawa H, Imai K, Iyo M: Decreased serum levels of D-serine in patients with schizophrenia: evidence in support of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Jun;60(6):572-6.

pubmed_id:12796220

[7]:

reference_text:Do KQ, Lauer CJ, Schreiber W, Zollinger M, Gutteck-Amsler U, Cuenod M, Holsboer F: gamma-Glutamylglutamine and taurine concentrations are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug-naive patients with schizophrenic disorders. J Neurochem. 1995 Dec;65(6):2652-62.

pubmed_id:7595563

[8]:

reference_text:Nikisch G, Baumann P, Wiedemann G, Kiessling B, Weisser H, Hertel A, Yoshitake T, Kehr J, Mathe AA: Quetiapine and norquetiapine in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenic patients treated with quetiapine: correlations to clinical outcome and HVA, 5-HIAA, and MHPG in CSF. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010 Oct;30(5):496-503. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181f2288e.

pubmed_id:20814316

[9]:

reference_text:Fukushima T, Iizuka H, Yokota A, Suzuki T, Ohno C, Kono Y, Nishikiori M, Seki A, Ichiba H, Watanabe Y, Hongo S, Utsunomiya M, Nakatani M, Sadamoto K, Yoshio T: Quantitative analyses of schizophrenia-associated metabolites in serum: serum D-lactate levels are negatively correlated with gamma-glutamylcysteine in medicated schizophrenia patients. PLoS One. 2014 Jul 8;9(7):e101652. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101652. eCollection 2014.

pubmed_id:25004141

[10]:

reference_text:Koike S, Bundo M, Iwamoto K, Suga M, Kuwabara H, Ohashi Y, Shinoda K, Takano Y, Iwashiro N, Satomura Y, Nagai T, Natsubori T, Tada M, Yamasue H, Kasai K: A snapshot of plasma metabolites in first-episode schizophrenia: a capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry study. Transl Psychiatry. 2014 Apr 8;4:e379. doi: 10.1038/tp.2014.19.

pubmed_id:24713860

[11]:

reference_text:Ballesteros A, Summerfelt A, Du X, Jiang P, Chiappelli J, Tagamets M, O'Donnell P, Kochunov P, Hong LE: Electrophysiological intermediate biomarkers for oxidative stress in schizophrenia. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013 Nov;124(11):2209-15. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.05.021. Epub 2013 Jun 30.

pubmed_id:23823132

[12]:

reference_text:Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Hagenfeldt L, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Plasma amino acids in relation to cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in schizophrenic patients and healthy controls. Br J Psychiatry. 1985 Sep;147:276-82.

pubmed_id:2415198

[13]:

reference_text:Pickar D, Breier A, Hsiao JK, Doran AR, Wolkowitz OM, Pato CN, Konicki PE, Potter WZ: Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma monoamine metabolites and their relation to psychosis. Implications for regional brain dysfunction in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990 Jul;47(7):641-8.

pubmed_id:1694425

[14]:

reference_text:Prell GD, Green JP, Kaufmann CA, Khandelwal JK, Morrishow AM, Kirch DG, Linnoila M, Wyatt RJ: Histamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with chronic schizophrenia: their relationships to levels of other aminergic transmitters and ratings of symptoms. Schizophr Res. 1995 Jan;14(2):93-104.

pubmed_id:7711000

[15]:

reference_text:Kim YK, Myint AM, Verkerk R, Scharpe S, Steinbusch H, Leonard B: Cytokine changes and tryptophan metabolites in medication-naive and medication-free schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychobiology. 2009;59(2):123-9. doi: 10.1159/000213565. Epub 2009 Apr 22.

pubmed_id:19390223

[16]:

reference_text:Yang J, Chen T, Sun L, Zhao Z, Qi X, Zhou K, Cao Y, Wang X, Qiu Y, Su M, Zhao A, Wang P, Yang P, Wu J, Feng G, He L, Jia W, Wan C: Potential metabolite markers of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2013 Jan;18(1):67-78. doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.131. Epub 2011 Oct 25.

pubmed_id:22024767

[17]:

reference_text:Xuan J, Pan G, Qiu Y, Yang L, Su M, Liu Y, Chen J, Feng G, Fang Y, Jia W, Xing Q, He L: Metabolomic profiling to identify potential serum biomarkers for schizophrenia and risperidone action. J Proteome Res. 2011 Dec 2;10(12):5433-43. doi: 10.1021/pr2006796. Epub 2011 Nov 8.

pubmed_id:22007635

[18]:

reference_text:Schwarz E, Guest PC, Rahmoune H, Harris LW, Wang L, Leweke FM, Rothermundt M, Bogerts B, Koethe D, Kranaster L, Ohrmann P, Suslow T, McAllister G, Spain M, Barnes A, van Beveren NJ, Baron-Cohen S, Steiner J, Torrey FE, Yolken RH, Bahn S: Identification of a biological signature for schizophrenia in serum. Mol Psychiatry. 2012 May;17(5):494-502. doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.42. Epub 2011 Apr 12.

pubmed_id:21483431

[19]:

reference_text:Mathe AA, Eberhard G, Saaf J, Wetterberg L: Plasma prostaglandin E2 metabolite--measured as 11-deoxy-15-keto-13,14-dihydro-11 beta,16 xi-cyclo-PGE2--in twins with schizophrenic disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1986 Sep;21(11):1024-30.

pubmed_id:3741918

[20]:

reference_text:Kuloglu M, Ustundag B, Atmaca M, Canatan H, Tezcan AE, Cinkilinc N: Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme levels in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Cell Biochem Funct. 2002 Jun;20(2):171-5.

pubmed_id:11979513

[21]:

reference_text:Zumarraga M, Davila R, Basterreche N, Arrue A, Goienetxea B, Zamalloa MI, Erkoreka L, Bustamante S, Inchausti L, Gonzalez-Torres MA, Guimon J: Catechol O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase A genotypes, and plasma catecholamine metabolites in bipolar and schizophrenic patients. Neurochem Int. 2010 May-Jun;56(6-7):774-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.02.015. Epub 2010 Mar 4.

pubmed_id:20206656

[22]:

reference_text:Peters JG: Dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin spinal fluid metabolites in temporal lobe epileptic patients with schizophrenic symptomatology. Eur Neurol. 1979;18(1):15-8.

pubmed_id:436860

[23]:

reference_text:Yao JK, Dougherty GG Jr, Reddy RD, Keshavan MS, Montrose DM, Matson WR, Rozen S, Krishnan RR, McEvoy J, Kaddurah-Daouk R: Altered interactions of tryptophan metabolites in first-episode neuroleptic-naive patients with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2010 Sep;15(9):938-53. doi: 10.1038/mp.2009.33. Epub 2009 Apr 28.

pubmed_id:19401681

[24]:

reference_text:Gattaz WF, Waldmeier P, Beckmann H: CSF monoamine metabolites in schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1982 Nov;66(5):350-60.

pubmed_id:6184954

[25]:

reference_text:Nilsson-Todd LK, Nordin C, Jonsson EG, Skogh E, Erhardt S: Cerebrospinal fluid kynurenic acid in male patients with schizophrenia - correlation with monoamine metabolites. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2007 Feb;19(1):45-52. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2006.00170.x.

pubmed_id:26952797

[26]:

reference_text:Cai HL, Li HD, Yan XZ, Sun B, Zhang Q, Yan M, Zhang WY, Jiang P, Zhu RH, Liu YP, Fang PF, Xu P, Yuan HY, Zhang XH, Hu L, Yang W, Ye HS: Metabolomic analysis of biochemical changes in the plasma and urine of first-episode neuroleptic-naive schizophrenia patients after treatment with risperidone. J Proteome Res. 2012 Aug 3;11(8):4338-50. doi: 10.1021/pr300459d. Epub 2012 Jul 26.

pubmed_id:22800120

[27]:

reference_text:Al Awam K, Haussleiter IS, Dudley E, Donev R, Brune M, Juckel G, Thome J: Multiplatform metabolome and proteome profiling identifies serum metabolite and protein signatures as prospective biomarkers for schizophrenia. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2015 Aug;122 Suppl 1:S111-22. doi: 10.1007/s00702-014-1224-0. Epub 2014 May 1.

pubmed_id:24789758

[28]:

reference_text:Bicikova M, Hill M, Ripova D, Mohr P, Hampl R: Determination of steroid metabolome as a possible tool for laboratory diagnosis of schizophrenia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2013 Jan;133:77-83. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.08.009. Epub 2012 Aug 24.

pubmed_id:22944140

[29]:

reference_text:He Y, Yu Z, Giegling I, Xie L, Hartmann AM, Prehn C, Adamski J, Kahn R, Li Y, Illig T, Wang-Sattler R, Rujescu D: Schizophrenia shows a unique metabolomics signature in plasma. Transl Psychiatry. 2012 Aug 14;2:e149. doi: 10.1038/tp.2012.76.

pubmed_id:22892715

[30]:

reference_text:Kaddurah-Daouk R, McEvoy J, Baillie RA, Lee D, Yao JK, Doraiswamy PM, Krishnan KR: Metabolomic mapping of atypical antipsychotic effects in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2007 Oct;12(10):934-45. Epub 2007 Apr 17.

pubmed_id:17440431

[31]:

reference_text:Fryar-Williams S, Strobel JE: Biomarkers of a five-domain translational substrate for schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychosis. Biomark Res. 2015 Feb 6;3:3. doi: 10.1186/s40364-015-0028-1. eCollection 2015.

pubmed_id:25729574

[32]:

reference_text:Oresic M, Seppanen-Laakso T, Sun D, Tang J, Therman S, Viehman R, Mustonen U, van Erp TG, Hyotylainen T, Thompson P, Toga AW, Huttunen MO, Suvisaari J, Kaprio J, Lonnqvist J, Cannon TD: Phospholipids and insulin resistance in psychosis: a lipidomics study of twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia. Genome Med. 2012 Jan 18;4(1):1. doi: 10.1186/gm300.

pubmed_id:22257447

2:

name:Parkinson's disease

omim_id:168600

[1]:

reference_text:Loeffler DA, LeWitt PA, DeMaggio AJ, Juneau PL, Milbury PE, Matson WR: Markers of dopamine depletion and compensatory response in striatum and cerebrospinal fluid. J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect. 1995;9(1):45-53.

pubmed_id:7605589

[2]:

reference_text:Engelborghs S, Marescau B, De Deyn PP: Amino acids and biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res. 2003 Aug;28(8):1145-50.

pubmed_id:12834252

[3]:

reference_text:Cheng H, Gomes-Trolin C, Aquilonius SM, Steinberg A, Lofberg C, Ekblom J, Oreland L: Levels of L-methionine S-adenosyltransferase activity in erythrocytes and concentrations of S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine in whole blood of patients with Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol. 1997 Jun;145(2 Pt 1):580-5.

pubmed_id:9217094

[4]:

reference_text:Selley ML: (E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal may be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998 Jul 15;25(2):169-74.

pubmed_id:9667492

[5]:

reference_text:Zhang W, Xie Y, Gu J, Ai S, Wang J, Yamamoto K, Jin L: Liquid chromatography with amperometric detection at a nano crystalline Ce-doped lead dioxide film modified electrode for determination of (R)-Salsolinol, (R)-N-methylsalsolinol and monoamine neurotransmitters in Parkinsonian patients' cerebrospinal fluid. Analyst. 2004 Mar;129(3):229-34. Epub 2004 Feb 6.

pubmed_id:14978525

[6]:

reference_text:Kotake Y, Tasaki Y, Makino Y, Ohta S, Hirobe M: 1-Benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline as a parkinsonism-inducing agent: a novel endogenous amine in mouse brain and parkinsonian CSF. J Neurochem. 1995 Dec;65(6):2633-8.

pubmed_id:7595560

[7]:

reference_text:Naoi M, Maruyama W: Cell death of dopamine neurons in aging and Parkinson's disease. Mech Ageing Dev. 1999 Nov;111(2-3):175-88.

pubmed_id:10656535

[8]:

reference_text:Moser A, Scholz J, Nobbe F, Vieregge P, Bohme V, Bamberg H: Presence of N-methyl-norsalsolinol in the CSF: correlations with dopamine metabolites of patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci. 1995 Aug;131(2):183-9.

pubmed_id:7595645

[9]:

reference_text:Abe T, Isobe C, Murata T, Sato C, Tohgi H: Alteration of 8-hydroxyguanosine concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum from patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett. 2003 Jan 16;336(2):105-8.

pubmed_id:12499051

[10]:

reference_text:Pappert EJ, Tangney CC, Goetz CG, Ling ZD, Lipton JW, Stebbins GT, Carvey PM: Alpha-tocopherol in the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinson's disease patients: dose-response study and correlations with plasma levels. Neurology. 1996 Oct;47(4):1037-42.

pubmed_id:8857741

[11]:

reference_text:LeWitt PA, Galloway MP, Matson W, Milbury P, McDermott M, Srivastava DK, Oakes D: Markers of dopamine metabolism in Parkinson's disease. The Parkinson Study Group. Neurology. 1992 Nov;42(11):2111-7.

pubmed_id:1436520

[12]:

reference_text:Shukla R, Rajani M, Srivastava N, Barthwal MK, Dikshit M: Nitrite and malondialdehyde content in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Int J Neurosci. 2006 Dec;116(12):1391-402.

pubmed_id:17145675

[13]:

reference_text:Miura Y: Plasma beta-phenylethylamine in Parkinson's disease. Kurume Med J. 2000;47(4):267-72.

pubmed_id:11197147

[14]:

reference_text:Forte G, Alimonti A, Pino A, Stanzione P, Brescianini S, Brusa L, Sancesario G, Violante N, Bocca B: Metals and oxidative stress in patients with Parkinson's disease. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):189-95.

pubmed_id:16244392

[15]:

reference_text:Ishimitsu T, Hirose S, Asahara K, Imaizumi M: The formation of 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenylalanine and 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenethylamine in plasma during L-DOPA therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1984 Aug;32(8):3320-2.

pubmed_id:6518609

[16]:

reference_text:Levin J, Botzel K, Giese A, Vogeser M, Lorenzl S: Elevated levels of methylmalonate and homocysteine in Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2010;29(6):553-9. doi: 10.1159/000314841. Epub 2010 Jul 3.

pubmed_id:20606437

[17]:

reference_text:Hozumi I, Hasegawa T, Honda A, Ozawa K, Hayashi Y, Hashimoto K, Yamada M, Koumura A, Sakurai T, Kimura A, Tanaka Y, Satoh M, Inuzuka T: Patterns of levels of biological metals in CSF differ among neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurol Sci. 2011 Apr 15;303(1-2):95-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.01.003. Epub 2011 Feb 2.

pubmed_id:21292280

[18]:

reference_text:Dizdar N, Kagedal B, Lindvall B: Treatment of Parkinson's disease with NADH. Acta Neurol Scand. 1994 Nov;90(5):345-7.

pubmed_id:7887134

[19]:

reference_text:Furukawa Y, Nishi K, Mizuno Y, Narabayashi H: [Significance of CSF biopterin and neopterin in hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation (HPD)--a clue to pathogenesis]. No To Shinkei. 1995 Mar;47(3):261-8.

pubmed_id:7669428

[20]:

reference_text:Ebinger G, Adriaenssens K: Iso-homovanillic acid determination in cerebrospinal fluid and in urine during L-DOPA treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clin Chim Acta. 1973 Nov 15;48(4):427-31.

pubmed_id:4761590

3:

name:Hypothyroidism

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Sjoberg S, Eriksson M, Nordin C: L-thyroxine treatment and neurotransmitter levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of hypothyroid patients: a pilot study. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Nov;139(5):493-7.

pubmed_id:9849813

[2]:

reference_text:Verhelst J, Berwaerts J, Marescau B, Abs R, Neels H, Mahler C, De Deyn PP: Serum creatine, creatinine, and other guanidino compounds in patients with thyroid dysfunction. Metabolism. 1997 Sep;46(9):1063-7.

pubmed_id:9284897

[3]:

reference_text:Chopra IJ, Santini F, Hurd RE, Chua Teco GN: A radioimmunoassay for measurement of thyroxine sulfate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 Jan;76(1):145-50.

pubmed_id:8421080

[4]:

reference_text:Hommel E, Faber J, Kirkegaard C, Siersbaek-Nielsen K, Friis T: Urinary excretion of unconjugated and conjugated 3,5-diiodothyronine. Horm Metab Res. 1985 Feb;17(2):90-2.

pubmed_id:3988241

[5]:

reference_text:Yoshida K, Sakurada T, Kaise N, Yamamoto M, Kaise K, Saito S, Yoshinaga K: Measurement of triiodothyronine in urine. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1980 Dec;132(4):389-95.

pubmed_id:7256725

4:

name:Sepiapterin reductase deficiency

omim_id:182125

[1]:

reference_text:Zorzi G, Redweik U, Trippe H, Penzien JM, Thony B, Blau N: Detection of sepiapterin in CSF of patients with sepiapterin reductase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab. 2002 Feb;75(2):174-7.

pubmed_id:11855937

[2]:

reference_text:Verbeek MM, Willemsen MA, Wevers RA, Lagerwerf AJ, Abeling NG, Blau N, Thony B, Vargiami E, Zafeiriou DI: Two Greek siblings with sepiapterin reductase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab. 2008 Aug;94(4):403-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.04.003. Epub 2008 May 27.

pubmed_id:18502672

5:

name:Colorectal cancer

omim_id:114500

[1]:

reference_text:Ishiwata S, Itoh K, Yamaguchi T, Ishida N, Mizugaki M: Comparison of serum and urinary levels of modified nucleoside, 1-methyladenosine, in cancer patients using a monoclonal antibody-based inhibition ELISA. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1995 May;176(1):61-8.

pubmed_id:7482520

[2]:

reference_text:Monleon D, Morales JM, Barrasa A, Lopez JA, Vazquez C, Celda B: Metabolite profiling of fecal water extracts from human colorectal cancer. NMR Biomed. 2009 Apr;22(3):342-8. doi: 10.1002/nbm.1345.

pubmed_id:19006102

[3]:

reference_text:Weir TL, Manter DK, Sheflin AM, Barnett BA, Heuberger AL, Ryan EP: Stool microbiome and metabolome differences between colorectal cancer patients and healthy adults. PLoS One. 2013 Aug 6;8(8):e70803. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070803. Print 2013.

pubmed_id:23940645

[4]:

reference_text:Phua LC, Chue XP, Koh PK, Cheah PY, Ho HK, Chan EC: Non-invasive fecal metabonomic detection of colorectal cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 2014 Apr;15(4):389-97. doi: 10.4161/cbt.27625. Epub 2014 Jan 14.

pubmed_id:24424155

[5]:

reference_text:Ritchie SA, Ahiahonu PW, Jayasinghe D, Heath D, Liu J, Lu Y, Jin W, Kavianpour A, Yamazaki Y, Khan AM, Hossain M, Su-Myat KK, Wood PL, Krenitsky K, Takemasa I, Miyake M, Sekimoto M, Monden M, Matsubara H, Nomura F, Goodenowe DB: Reduced levels of hydroxylated, polyunsaturated ultra long-chain fatty acids in the serum of colorectal cancer patients: implications for early screening and detection. BMC Med. 2010 Feb 15;8:13. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-8-13.

pubmed_id:20156336

[6]:

reference_text:Qiu Y, Cai G, Su M, Chen T, Zheng X, Xu Y, Ni Y, Zhao A, Xu LX, Cai S, Jia W: Serum metabolite profiling of human colorectal cancer using GC-TOFMS and UPLC-QTOFMS. J Proteome Res. 2009 Oct;8(10):4844-50. doi: 10.1021/pr9004162.

pubmed_id:19678709

[7]:

reference_text:Cheng Y, Xie G, Chen T, Qiu Y, Zou X, Zheng M, Tan B, Feng B, Dong T, He P, Zhao L, Zhao A, Xu LX, Zhang Y, Jia W: Distinct urinary metabolic profile of human colorectal cancer. J Proteome Res. 2012 Feb 3;11(2):1354-63. doi: 10.1021/pr201001a. Epub 2011 Dec 28.

pubmed_id:22148915

[8]:

reference_text:Ni Y, Xie G, Jia W: Metabonomics of human colorectal cancer: new approaches for early diagnosis and biomarker discovery. J Proteome Res. 2014 Sep 5;13(9):3857-70. doi: 10.1021/pr500443c. Epub 2014 Aug 14.

pubmed_id:25105552

[9]:

reference_text:Ikeda A, Nishiumi S, Shinohara M, Yoshie T, Hatano N, Okuno T, Bamba T, Fukusaki E, Takenawa T, Azuma T, Yoshida M: Serum metabolomics as a novel diagnostic approach for gastrointestinal cancer. Biomed Chromatogr. 2012 May;26(5):548-58. doi: 10.1002/bmc.1671. Epub 2011 Jul 20.

pubmed_id:21773981

[10]:

reference_text:Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18.

pubmed_id:25037050

[11]:

reference_text:Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016.

pubmed_id:27015276

[12]:

reference_text:Lin Y, Ma C, Liu C, Wang Z, Yang J, Liu X, Shen Z, Wu R: NMR-based fecal metabolomics fingerprinting as predictors of earlier diagnosis in patients with colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 2016 May 17;7(20):29454-64. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.8762.

pubmed_id:27107423

[13]:

reference_text:Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016.

pubmed_id:27275383

[14]:

reference_text:Wang X, Wang J, Rao B, Deng L: Gut flora profiling and fecal metabolite composition of colorectal cancer patients and healthy individuals. Exp Ther Med. 2017 Jun;13(6):2848-2854. doi: 10.3892/etm.2017.4367. Epub 2017 Apr 20.

pubmed_id:28587349

[15]:

reference_text:Silke Matysik, Caroline Ivanne Le Roy, Gerhard Liebisch, Sandrine Paule Claus. Metabolomics of fecal samples: A practical consideration. Trends in Food Science & Technology. Vol. 57, Part B, Nov. 2016, p.244-255: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924224416301984

6:

name:Eosinophilic esophagitis

omim_id:610247

[1]:

reference_text:Mordechai, Hien, and David S. Wishart

pubmed_id:

7:

name:Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency

omim_id:608643

[1]:

reference_text:Abdenur JE, Abeling N, Specola N, Jorge L, Schenone AB, van Cruchten AC, Chamoles NA: Aromatic l-aminoacid decarboxylase deficiency: unusual neonatal presentation and additional findings in organic acid analysis. Mol Genet Metab. 2006 Jan;87(1):48-53. Epub 2005 Nov 9.

pubmed_id:16288991

[2]:

reference_text:Hyland K, Clayton PT: Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: diagnostic methodology. Clin Chem. 1992 Dec;38(12):2405-10.

pubmed_id:1281049

[3]:

reference_text:Abeling NG, van Gennip AH, Barth PG, van Cruchten A, Westra M, Wijburg FA: Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: a new case with a mild clinical presentation and unexpected laboratory findings. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1998 Jun;21(3):240-2.

pubmed_id:9686366

8:

name:Brunner Syndrome

omim_id:300615

[1]:

reference_text:Brunner HG, Nelen MR, van Zandvoort P, Abeling NG, van Gennip AH, Wolters EC, Kuiper MA, Ropers HH, van Oost BA: X-linked borderline mental retardation with prominent behavioral disturbance: phenotype, genetic localization, and evidence for disturbed monoamine metabolism. Am J Hum Genet. 1993 Jun;52(6):1032-9.

pubmed_id:8503438

KEGG数据库编号
C00780
DrugBank数据库编号
DB08839
foodb数据库编号
FDB012158
ChemSpider数据库编号
5013
公共化学化合物编号
5202
PDB数据库编号
生物利益的化学实体数据库编号
28790
knapsack数据库编号
C00001429
维基百科编号
Serotonin
代谢途径的数据库编号
SEROTONIN
苯酚资源管理器化合物数据库编号
比格数据库编号
梅林编号
虚拟机身份证编号
SRTN
fbonto数据库编号
综合参考
Harley-Mason, John; Jackson, A. H. Hydroxytryptamines. I. Bufotenine, 6-hydroxybufotenine, and serotonin. Journal of the Chemical Society (1954), 1165-71.
一般参考
1:

protein_accession:HMDBP00030

name:Serotonin N-acetyltransferase

uniprot_id:Q16613

gene_name:AANAT

protein_type:Enzyme

2:

protein_accession:HMDBP00161

name:Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B

uniprot_id:P27338

gene_name:MAOB

protein_type:Unknown

3:

protein_accession:HMDBP00169

name:Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A

uniprot_id:P21397

gene_name:MAOA

protein_type:Unknown

4:

protein_accession:HMDBP00278

name:Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase

uniprot_id:P20711

gene_name:DDC

protein_type:Enzyme

5:

protein_accession:HMDBP00360

name:Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3

uniprot_id:P42330

gene_name:AKR1C3

protein_type:Unknown

6:

protein_accession:HMDBP00415

name:Indolethylamine N-methyltransferase

uniprot_id:O95050

gene_name:INMT

protein_type:Unknown

7:

protein_accession:HMDBP00437

name:Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1

uniprot_id:P14902

gene_name:IDO1

protein_type:Unknown

8:

protein_accession:HMDBP00474

name:Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 3

uniprot_id:O60678

gene_name:PRMT3

protein_type:Unknown

9:

protein_accession:HMDBP02165

name:Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter

uniprot_id:P31645

gene_name:SLC6A4

protein_type:Transporter

10:

protein_accession:HMDBP02219

name:5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4

uniprot_id:Q13639

gene_name:HTR4

protein_type:Enzyme

11:

protein_accession:HMDBP02268

name:5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7

uniprot_id:P34969

gene_name:HTR7

protein_type:Enzyme

12:

protein_accession:HMDBP02299

name:Transcription factor Sp1

uniprot_id:P08047

gene_name:SP1

protein_type:Unknown

13:

protein_accession:HMDBP02382

name:5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B

uniprot_id:P41595

gene_name:HTR2B

protein_type:Unknown

14:

protein_accession:HMDBP02400

name:5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B

uniprot_id:P28222

gene_name:HTR1B

protein_type:Enzyme

15:

protein_accession:HMDBP02464

name:5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F

uniprot_id:P30939

gene_name:HTR1F

protein_type:Enzyme

16:

protein_accession:HMDBP02566

name:5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A

uniprot_id:P08908

gene_name:HTR1A

protein_type:Enzyme

17:

protein_accession:HMDBP02658

name:5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A

uniprot_id:P28223

gene_name:HTR2A

protein_type:Unknown

18:

protein_accession:HMDBP02917

name:5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A

uniprot_id:P46098

gene_name:HTR3A

protein_type:Enzyme

19:

protein_accession:HMDBP02944

name:5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D

uniprot_id:P28221

gene_name:HTR1D

protein_type:Enzyme

20:

protein_accession:HMDBP07416

name:Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2

uniprot_id:Q6ZQW0

gene_name:IDO2

protein_type:Unknown

21:

protein_accession:HMDBP10857

name:5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B

uniprot_id:O95264

gene_name:HTR3B

protein_type:Unknown

22:

protein_accession:HMDBP10858

name:5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1E

uniprot_id:P28566

gene_name:HTR1E

protein_type:Unknown

23:

protein_accession:HMDBP10859

name:5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A

uniprot_id:P47898

gene_name:HTR5A

protein_type:Unknown

24:

protein_accession:HMDBP11778

name:HemK methyltransferase family member 1

uniprot_id:Q9Y5R4

gene_name:HEMK1

protein_type:Unknown

25:

protein_accession:HMDBP11824

name:Methyltransferase-like protein 2B

uniprot_id:Q6P1Q9

gene_name:METTL2B

protein_type:Unknown

26:

protein_accession:HMDBP11825

name:Methyltransferase-like protein 6

uniprot_id:Q8TCB7

gene_name:METTL6

protein_type:Unknown

27:

protein_accession:HMDBP12007

name:Uncharacterized methyltransferase WBSCR22

uniprot_id:O43709

gene_name:WBSCR22

protein_type:Unknown

蛋白质结合
1:

reference_text:Cozzi A, Zignego AL, Carpendo R, Biagiotti T, Aldinucci A, Monti M, Giannini C, Rosselli M, Laffi G, Moroni F: Low serum tryptophan levels, reduced macrophage IDO activity and high frequency of psychopathology in HCV patients. J Viral Hepat. 2006 Jun;13(6):402-8.

pubmed_id:16842443

2:

reference_text:Engelborghs S, Marescau B, De Deyn PP: Amino acids and biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res. 2003 Aug;28(8):1145-50.

pubmed_id:12834252

3:

reference_text:Panholzer TJ, Beyer J, Lichtwald K: Coupled-column liquid chromatographic analysis of catecholamines, serotonin, and metabolites in human urine. Clin Chem. 1999 Feb;45(2):262-8.

pubmed_id:9931050

4:

reference_text:King BM: The rise, fall, and resurrection of the ventromedial hypothalamus in the regulation of feeding behavior and body weight. Physiol Behav. 2006 Feb 28;87(2):221-44. Epub 2006 Jan 18.

pubmed_id:16412483

5:

reference_text:Sjoberg S, Eriksson M, Nordin C: L-thyroxine treatment and neurotransmitter levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of hypothyroid patients: a pilot study. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Nov;139(5):493-7.

pubmed_id:9849813

6:

reference_text:Eklundh T, Eriksson M, Sjoberg S, Nordin C: Monoamine precursors, transmitters and metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid: a prospective study in healthy male subjects. J Psychiatr Res. 1996 May-Jun;30(3):201-8.

pubmed_id:8884658

7:

reference_text:Serebruany VL, Glassman AH, Malinin AI, Nemeroff CB, Musselman DL, van Zyl LT, Finkel MS, Krishnan KR, Gaffney M, Harrison W, Califf RM, O'Connor CM: Platelet/endothelial biomarkers in depressed patients treated with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor sertraline after acute coronary events: the Sertraline AntiDepressant Heart Attack Randomized Trial (SADHART) Platelet Substudy. Circulation. 2003 Aug 26;108(8):939-44. Epub 2003 Aug 11.

pubmed_id:12912814

8:

reference_text:Preuss HG, Garis RI, Bramble JD, Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Rao CV, Satyanarayana S: Efficacy of a novel calcium/potassium salt of (-)-hydroxycitric acid in weight control. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 2005;25(3):133-44.

pubmed_id:16366421

9:

reference_text:Lincoln J, Crowe R, Kamm MA, Burnstock G, Lennard-Jones JE: Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid are increased in the sigmoid colon in severe idiopathic constipation. Gastroenterology. 1990 May;98(5 Pt 1):1219-25.

pubmed_id:1691117

10:

reference_text:Lundeberg L, Liang Y, Sundstrom E, Nordlind K, Verhofstad A, Liden S, Johansson O: Serotonin in human allergic contact dermatitis. An immunohistochemical and high-performance liquid chromatographic study. Arch Dermatol Res. 1999 May;291(5):269-74.

pubmed_id:10367709

11:

reference_text:Blardi P, Palazzuoli A, de Lalla A, Auteri A: Variations of peripheral markers of serotoninergic system in selected vascular patients. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2006 Apr;16(3):210-4. Epub 2005 Oct 21.

pubmed_id:16580588

12:

reference_text:Lommatzsch M, Hornych K, Zingler C, Schuff-Werner P, Hoppner J, Virchow JC: Maternal serum concentrations of BDNF and depression in the perinatal period. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2006 Apr;31(3):388-94. Epub 2005 Nov 10.

pubmed_id:16289360

13:

reference_text:Koskiniemi M, Laakso J, Kuurne T, Laipio M, Harkonen M: Indole levels in human lumbar and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid and the effect of L-tryptophan administration. Acta Neurol Scand. 1985 Feb;71(2):127-32.

pubmed_id:2580417

14:

reference_text:Lawrence KR, Adra M, Gillman PK: Serotonin toxicity associated with the use of linezolid: a review of postmarketing data. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Jun 1;42(11):1578-83. Epub 2006 Apr 27.

pubmed_id:16652315

15:

reference_text:Blardi P, de Lalla A, Pieragalli D, De Franco V, Meini S, Ceccatelli L, Auteri A: Effect of iloprost on plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine and plasma and platelet serotonin in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2006 Sep;80(3-4):175-82. Epub 2006 Jul 18.

pubmed_id:16939882

16:

reference_text:Eriksson O, Wall A, Marteinsdottir I, Agren H, Hartvig P, Blomqvist G, Langstrom B, Naessen T: Mood changes correlate to changes in brain serotonin precursor trapping in women with premenstrual dysphoria. Psychiatry Res. 2006 Mar 31;146(2):107-16. Epub 2006 Mar 2.

pubmed_id:16515859

17:

reference_text:Ormazabal A, Vilaseca MA, Perez-Duenas B, Lambruschini N, Gomez L, Campistol J, Artuch R: Platelet serotonin concentrations in PKU patients under dietary control and tetrahydrobiopterin treatment. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(6):863-70.

pubmed_id:16435178

18:

reference_text:Ortiz J, Artigas F, Gelpi E: Serotonergic status in human blood. Life Sci. 1988;43(12):983-90.

pubmed_id:2459577

19:

reference_text:Sato T, Suzuki E, Yokoyama M, Semba J, Watanabe S, Miyaoka H: Chronic intraperitoneal injection of interferon-alpha reduces serotonin levels in various regions of rat brain, but does not change levels of serotonin transporter mRNA, nitrite or nitrate. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006 Aug;60(4):499-506.

pubmed_id:16884454

20:

reference_text:Konca K, Tiftik EN, Aslan G, Kanik A, Yalcin A: The effect of cromoglycate on time-dependent histamine and serotonin concentrations in stored blood products. Transfus Apher Sci. 2006 Apr;34(2):193-8. Epub 2006 Mar 3.

pubmed_id:16516555

21:

reference_text:De-Miguel FF, Trueta C: Synaptic and extrasynaptic secretion of serotonin. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2005 Mar;25(2):297-312.

pubmed_id:16047543

22:

reference_text:Mezzelani A, Landini M, Facchiano F, Raggi ME, Villa L, Molteni M, De Santis B, Brera C, Caroli AM, Milanesi L, Marabotti A: Environment, dysbiosis, immunity and sex-specific susceptibility: a translational hypothesis for regressive autism pathogenesis. Nutr Neurosci. 2015 May;18(4):145-61. doi: 10.1179/1476830513Y.0000000108. Epub 2014 Jan 21.

pubmed_id:24621061

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