版本
5.0
创建日期
2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
更新日期
2021-09-14 15:44:40 UTC
登录号
HMDB0000195
地位
quantified
二级访问
HMDB00195

名称
Inosine
描述
Inosine, also known as hypoxanthosine or inotin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine nucleosides. Purine nucleosides are compounds comprising a purine base attached to a ribosyl or deoxyribosyl moiety. Inosine is formed when hypoxanthine is attached to a ribose ring a beta-N9-glycosidic bond. Inosine is an intermediate in the degradation of purines and purine nucleosides to uric acid. Inosine is also an intermediate in the purine salvage pathway. Inosine occurs in the anticodon of certain transfer RNA molecules and is essential for proper translation of the genetic code in wobble base pairs. Inosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Inosine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, inosine can be biosynthesized from inosinic acid through its interaction with the enzyme known as cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase. In addition, inosine can be converted into hypoxanthine and ribose 1-phosphate through its interaction with the enzyme known as purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Altered levels of inosine have also been associated with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency and xanthinuria type I, both of which are inborn errors of metabolism. Animal studies have suggested that inosine has neuroprotective properties. It has been proposed as a potential treatment for spinal cord injury (PMID: 16317421) and for administration after stroke, as inosine appears to induce axonal rewiring (PMID: 12084941). After ingestion, inosine is metabolized into uric acid, which has been found to be a natural antioxidant and peroxynitrite scavenger. As such, inosine may have potential benefits to patients with multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease (PMID: 19425822). Inosine can also be produced by gut bacteria and appears to have a number of beneficial effects. Inosine, has been shown to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma signaling in human colon epithelial cells. Furthermore, exogenous treatment of inosine has been found to protect against DSS-induced colitis in rodents by improving adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR)/PPAR-gamma-dependent mucosal barrier functions (PMID: 33820558). Microbiome-derived inosine has also been shown to modulate the response to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy in cancer models. In particular, decreased gut barrier function induced by immunotherapy increases systemic translocation of bacterially derived inosine and activates antitumor T cells. The effect of inosine is dependent on T cell expression of the adenosine A2A receptor and requires co-stimulation. Inosine appears to have other roles in non-mammalian system. For instance, it has been found to be an important feed stimulant by itself or in combination with certain amino acids in some species of farmed fish. For example, inosine and inosine-5-monophosphate have been reported as specific feeding stimulants for turbot fry, (Scophthalmus maximus) and Japanese amberjack.
同义词
1:9-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-9H-purin-6-ol

2:9-beta-D-Ribofuranosylhypoxanthine

3:Hypoxanthine D-riboside

4:Hypoxanthosine

5:i

6:Inosin

7:Inosina

8:Inosinum

9:Inotin

10:9-b-D-Ribofuranosyl-9H-purin-6-ol

11:9-Β-D-ribofuranosyl-9H-purin-6-ol

12:9-b-D-Ribofuranosylhypoxanthine

13:9-Β-D-ribofuranosylhypoxanthine

14:(-)-Inosine

15:1,9-Dihydro-9-b-D-ribofuranosyl-6H-purin-6-one

16:1,9-Dihydro-9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-6H-purin-6-one

17:1,9-Dihydro-9-beta-delta-ribofuranosyl-6H-purin-6-one

18:9-b-D-Ribofuranosyl-hypoxanthine

19:9-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-hypoxanthine

20:9-beta-delta-Ribofuranosyl-hypoxanthine

21:9-beta-delta-Ribofuranosylhypoxanthine

22:9beta-D-Ribofuranosylhypoxanthine

23:9beta-delta-Ribofuranosylhypoxanthine

24:Atorel

25:beta-D-Ribofuranoside hypoxanthine-9

26:beta-delta-Ribofuranoside hypoxanthine-9

27:beta-Inosine

28:HXR

29:Hypoxanthine 9-beta-D-ribofuranoside

30:Hypoxanthine 9-beta-delta-ribofuranoside

31:Hypoxanthine nucleoside

32:Hypoxanthine ribonucleoside

33:Hypoxanthine riboside

34:Hypoxanthine-9 beta-D-ribofuranoside

35:Hypoxanthine-9 beta-delta-ribofuranoside

36:Hypoxanthine-9-beta-D-ribofuranoside

37:Hypoxanthine-9-beta-delta-ribofuranoside

38:Hypoxanthine-9-D-ribofuranoside

39:Hypoxanthine-9-delta-ribofuranoside

40:Hypoxanthine-ribose

41:Indole-3-carboxaldehyde

42:Ino

43:Inosie

44:Iso-prinosine

45:Oxiamin

46:Panholic-L

47:Pantholic-L

48:Ribonosine

49:Selfer

50:Trophicardyl

化学式
C10H12N4O5
平均分子量
268.2261
等位分子量
268.080769514
化学名称
9-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6,9-dihydro-3H-purin-6-one
传统名称
inosine
CAS 登记号
58-63-9
代谢物结构字符串
OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)N1C=NC2=C(O)N=CN=C12
inchi标识符
InChI=1S/C10H12N4O5/c15-1-4-6(16)7(17)10(19-4)14-3-13-5-8(14)11-2-12-9(5)18/h2-4,6-7,10,15-17H,1H2,(H,11,12,18)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1
印记键
UGQMRVRMYYASKQ-KQYNXXCUSA-N
分类学
description: belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine nucleosides. Purine nucleosides are compounds comprising a purine base attached to a ribosyl or deoxyribosyl moiety.

description:Purine nucleosides

kingdom:Organic compounds

super_class:Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues

class:Purine nucleosides

sub_class:

molecular_framework:Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds

1:6-oxopurines

2:Azacyclic compounds

3:Glycosylamines

4:Heteroaromatic compounds

5:Hydrocarbon derivatives

6:Hypoxanthines

7:N-substituted imidazoles

8:Organic oxides

9:Organonitrogen compounds

10:Organopnictogen compounds

11:Oxacyclic compounds

12:Pentoses

13:Primary alcohols

14:Pyrimidones

15:Secondary alcohols

16:Tetrahydrofurans

17:Vinylogous amides

18:6-oxopurine

19:Alcohol

20:Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound

21:Azacycle

22:Azole

23:Glycosyl compound

24:Heteroaromatic compound

25:Hydrocarbon derivative

26:Hypoxanthine

27:Imidazole

28:Imidazopyrimidine

29:Monosaccharide

30:N-glycosyl compound

31:N-substituted imidazole

32:Organic nitrogen compound

33:Organic oxide

34:Organic oxygen compound

35:Organoheterocyclic compound

36:Organonitrogen compound

37:Organooxygen compound

38:Organopnictogen compound

39:Oxacycle

40:Pentose monosaccharide

41:Primary alcohol

42:Purine

43:Purine nucleoside

44:Purinone

45:Pyrimidine

46:Pyrimidone

47:Secondary alcohol

48:Tetrahydrofuran

49:Vinylogous amide

50:inosines

本体论
term:Physiological effect

definition:The effect on an organism physiology, resulting from its exposure to a chemical.

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Health effect

definition:A health condition or observation associated with a stimuli or with a biological activity of a chemical.

parent_id:7693

*level:2

type:parent

term:Observation

definition:A short term health effect which reflects the reponse of the body to stimuli or is a symptom of a disease or condition; also includes health status which reflects stage in life.

parent_id:7694

**level:3

type:parent

term:Attachment loss

definition:

parent_id:7717

***level:4

type:child

term:Periodontal Probing Depth

definition:

parent_id:7717

***level:4

type:child

term:Tooth Decay

definition:

parent_id:7717

***level:4

type:child

term:Health condition

definition:A health effect that consists on short or long-term disease, condition, disorder, syndrome or constant abnormality.

parent_id:7694

**level:3

type:parent

term:Critical illnesse

definition:

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:child

term:Degenerative disc disease

definition:A bone deterioration disease that has material basis in gradual dehydration and tears located in intervertebral disc. (do).

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Ddd

term:Coronary artery disease

definition:An artery disease that is characterized by plaque building up along the inner walls of the arteries of the heart resulting in a narrowing of the arteries and a reduced blood supply to the cardiac muscles. (do).

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Cad

synonym:Atherosclerotic heart disease

term:Kidney disease

definition:A urinary system disease that is located in the kidney. (do).

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Renal disease

synonym:Nephropathy

term:Disposition

definition:A concept that describes the origin of a chemical, its location within an organism, or its route of exposure.

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Route of exposure

definition:A mean by which a chemical agent comes in contact with an organism, either under intended or unintended circumstances.

parent_id:7724

*level:2

type:parent

term:Enteral

definition:Chemical exposure via the alimentary canal (mouth to anus).

parent_id:7743

**level:3

type:parent

term:Ingestion

definition:Chemical exposure facilitated by entry through the mouth.

parent_id:7744

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Digestion

term:Source

definition:Natural or synthetic origin of a chemical.

parent_id:7724

*level:2

type:parent

term:Endogenous

definition:

parent_id:7735

**level:3

type:child

term:Food

definition:

parent_id:7735

**level:3

type:child

term:Biological

definition:A living organism (species or a higher taxonomy rank), in which a chemical can be found.

parent_id:7735

**level:3

type:parent

term:Animal

definition:A living organism belonging to the kingdom animalia. it feeds on organic matter, typically having specialized sense organs and nervous system and able to respond rapidly to stimuli.

parent_id:7736

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Fauna

term:Plant

definition:A living organism belonging to the kingdom plantea. typically, it grows in a permanent site, absorbs water and inorganic substances through its roots, and synthesizes nutrients in its leaves by photosynthesis using the green pigment chlorophyll. examples incude trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses.

parent_id:7736

***level:4

type:parent

synonym:Flora

term:Biological location

definition:The physiological origin within an organism, including anatomical compnents, biofluids and excreta.

parent_id:7724

*level:2

type:parent

term:Organ and components

definition:An anatomical organizational level including multiple tissues or substructures, which enables a common biological function.

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Intestine

definition:The portion of the gastrointestinal tract that includes the small and large intestines.

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Testicle

definition:Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Testes

synonym:Testis

term:Spleen

definition:An abdominal organ that is part of the hematopoietic and immune systems. it is composed of the white pulp and the red pulp and is surrounded by a capsule. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Brain

definition:An organ composed of grey and white matter that is the center for intelligence and reasoning. it is protected by the bony cranium. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Liver

definition:An abdominal organ that has variable lobation which are composed mainly of hepatic lobules. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Prostate

definition:The male reproductive accessory gland that produces prostatic fluid and is located adjacent to or around the urethra distal to the urinary bladder in mammals. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Prostate gland

term:Kidney

definition:The organs of the urinary tract located in the retroperitoneal cavity adjacent to the spine and composed of the renal cortex and the renal medulla. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Kidneys

term:Pancreas

definition:A digestive organ in the abdomen that has both endocrine and exocrine functions. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

term:Tissue and substructures

definition:An anatomical organizational level including multiple cells yet not comprising a complete organ .

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Placenta

definition:An organ present in some vertebrates during embryonic gestation that surrounds the fetus and provides it with nutrients and oxygen, facilitates gas and waste exchange between the fetus and mother, and provides parasitic cloaking from the mother's immune system by excretion of neurokinin b. (nci).

parent_id:7729

***level:4

type:child

term:Biofluid and excreta

definition:A liquid, semi-solid or solid material originating in the body.

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Urine

definition:Excretion in liquid state processed by the kidney.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

term:Saliva

definition:The watery fluid in the mouth made by the salivary glands. saliva moistens food to help digestion and it helps protect the mouth against infections. (nci).

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

term:Feces

definition:The material discharged from the bowel during defecation. It consists of undigested food, intestinal mucus, epithelial cells, and bacteria.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Fecal

synonym:Stool

synonym:Faecal

synonym:Faeces

term:Blood

definition:A liquid tissue with the primary function of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide (nci). it supplies the tissues with nutrients, removes waste products, and contains various components of the immune system defending the body against infection.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

term:Cerebrospinal fluid

definition:The fluid that is contained within the brain ventricles, the subarachnoid space and the central canal of the spinal cord. (nci).

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Csf

term:Subcellular

definition:An anatomical organizational level including a component within a biological cell .

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Cytoplasm

definition:The portion of the cell contained within the plasma membrane but excluding the nucleus.

parent_id:7730

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Cytoplasma

term:Mitochondria

definition:

parent_id:7730

***level:4

type:child

term:Lysosome

definition:В A sac-like compartment inside a cell that has enzymes that can break down cellular components that need to be destroyed. (NCI).

parent_id:7730

***level:4

type:child

term:Cell and elements

definition:An anatomical organizational level comprising of a single cell (or a fragment in some exceptions). a cell is defined by its type or function. it is the smallest unit of living structure capable of independent existence, composed of a membrane-enclosed mass of protoplasm and containing a nucleus or nucleoid.

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Extracellular

definition:The space external to the outermost structure of a cell.

parent_id:7732

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Extracellular region

term:Element

definition:

parent_id:7732

***level:4

type:parent

term:Cell

definition:

parent_id:7732

***level:4

type:parent

term:Process

definition:Biological or chemical events, or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Naturally occurring process

definition:Naturally-occurring molecular events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.

parent_id:7659

*level:2

type:parent

term:Biological process

definition:Biological or chemical events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product within an organism.

parent_id:7660

**level:3

type:parent

term:Biochemical pathway

definition:A linked series of chemical reactions that occur in a defined order within or between organism cells, and lead to a known function or end product.

parent_id:7661

***level:4

type:parent

term:Role

definition:The purpose or function assumed by a chemical, either naturally or as intended by humans .

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Industrial application

definition:The assumed function of a chemical utilized by human.

parent_id:7671

*level:2

type:parent

term:Pharmaceutical industry

definition:A pharmacologic activity for which a chemical substance is utilized owing to its biological role.

parent_id:7678

**level:3

type:parent

term:Pharmaceutical

definition:

parent_id:7679

***level:4

type:child

term:Biological role

definition:The biological function of a chemical. the biological role answers the question how a chemical is involved in molecular processes in an organism. this can include biochemical effects of non-endogenous chemicals, which are also assigned an industrial application such as pharmaceuticals. the biological role is limited to cellular levls, and will not include role at system process level, such as a chemical which has a role in a disease.

parent_id:7671

*level:2

type:parent

term:Drug metabolite

definition:

parent_id:7672

**level:3

type:child

term:Waste product

definition:A chemical that is generated in a metabolic process and is destined to be excreted from the body. It commonly consists of water, nitrogenous compounds or carbon dioxide and can be a metabolic byproduct or a degradation product (such as urobilin metabolised from bilirubin which is a degradation product of hemoglobin).

parent_id:7672

**level:3

type:child

term:Metabolite

definition:A chemical substance produced during metabolism process, as an intermediate or end-product.

parent_id:7672

**level:3

type:child

状态
Solid
实验性质
1:

kind:water_solubility

value:15.8 mg/mL

source:YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)

2:

kind:logp

value:-2.10

source:HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)

3:

kind:melting_point

value:218 °C

source:

预测性质
1:

kind:solubility

value:13.8 g/L

source:ALOGPS

2:

kind:logp

value:-2

source:ChemAxon

3:

kind:pka_strongest_acidic

value:6.94

source:ChemAxon

4:

kind:pka_strongest_basic

value:2.74

source:ChemAxon

5:

kind:iupac

value:9-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6,9-dihydro-3H-purin-6-one

source:ChemAxon

6:

kind:average_mass

value:268.2261

source:ChemAxon

7:

kind:mono_mass

value:268.080769514

source:ChemAxon

8:

kind:smiles

value:OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)N1C=NC2=C(O)N=CN=C12

source:ChemAxon

9:

kind:formula

value:C10H12N4O5

source:ChemAxon

10:

kind:inchi

value:InChI=1S/C10H12N4O5/c15-1-4-6(16)7(17)10(19-4)14-3-13-5-8(14)11-2-12-9(5)18/h2-4,6-7,10,15-17H,1H2,(H,11,12,18)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1

source:ChemAxon

11:

kind:inchikey

value:UGQMRVRMYYASKQ-KQYNXXCUSA-N

source:ChemAxon

12:

kind:polar_surface_area

value:129.2

source:ChemAxon

13:

kind:refractivity

value:60.9

source:ChemAxon

14:

kind:polarizability

value:24.6

source:ChemAxon

15:

kind:rotatable_bond_count

value:2

source:ChemAxon

16:

kind:acceptor_count

value:8

source:ChemAxon

17:

kind:donor_count

value:4

source:ChemAxon

18:

kind:physiological_charge

value:0

source:ChemAxon

19:

kind:formal_charge

value:0

source:ChemAxon

20:

kind:number_of_rings

value:3

source:ChemAxon

21:

kind:bioavailability

value:Yes

source:ChemAxon

22:

kind:rule_of_five

value:Yes

source:ChemAxon

23:

kind:ghose_filter

value:No

source:ChemAxon

24:

kind:veber_rule

value:No

source:ChemAxon

25:

kind:mddr_like_rule

value:No

source:ChemAxon

1:

type:Specdb::NmrTwoD

spectrum_id:992

2:

type:Specdb::NmrTwoD

spectrum_id:1200

3:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:1174

4:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:4906

5:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142810

6:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142811

7:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142812

8:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142813

9:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142814

10:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142815

11:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142816

12:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142817

13:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142818

14:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142819

15:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142820

16:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142821

17:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142822

18:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142823

19:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142824

20:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142825

21:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142826

22:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142827

23:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142828

24:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142829

25:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:448

26:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:449

27:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:2029

28:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:22590

29:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:30576

30:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:30880

31:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:31063

32:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:37351

33:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:163703

34:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:316

35:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:317

36:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:318

37:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3543

38:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3544

39:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3545

40:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3546

41:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3547

42:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3548

43:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3549

44:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3550

45:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3551

46:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3552

47:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3553

48:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3554

49:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3555

50:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3556

51:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3557

52:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3558

53:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3559

54:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3560

55:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3561

56:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3562

57:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3563

58:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3566

光谱
生物学性质
1:

cellular:(1):Cytoplasm

cellular:(2):Extracellular

cellular:(3):Lysosome

cellular:(4):Mitochondria

2:

biospecimen:(1):Blood

biospecimen:(2):Cellular Cytoplasm

biospecimen:(3):Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

biospecimen:(4):Feces

biospecimen:(5):Pericardial Effusion

biospecimen:(6):Saliva

biospecimen:(7):Urine

3:

tissue:(1):Brain

tissue:(2):Erythrocyte

tissue:(3):Fibroblasts

tissue:(4):Intestine

tissue:(5):Kidney

tissue:(6):Liver

tissue:(7):Neuron

tissue:(8):Pancreas

tissue:(9):Placenta

tissue:(10):Platelet

tissue:(11):Prostate

tissue:(12):Spleen

tissue:(13):Testis

4:

[1]:

name:Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (APRT)

smpdb_id:SMP00535

kegg_map_id:

[2]:

name:Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency

smpdb_id:SMP00144

kegg_map_id:

[3]:

name:Adenylosuccinate Lyase Deficiency

smpdb_id:SMP00167

kegg_map_id:

[4]:

name:AICA-Ribosiduria

smpdb_id:SMP00168

kegg_map_id:

[5]:

name:Azathioprine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00427

kegg_map_id:

[6]:

name:Gout or Kelley-Seegmiller Syndrome

smpdb_id:SMP00365

kegg_map_id:

[7]:

name:Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome (LNS)

smpdb_id:SMP00364

kegg_map_id:

[8]:

name:Mercaptopurine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00428

kegg_map_id:

[9]:

name:Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome

smpdb_id:SMP00536

kegg_map_id:

[10]:

name:Molybdenum Cofactor Deficiency

smpdb_id:SMP00203

kegg_map_id:

[11]:

name:Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency

smpdb_id:SMP00537

kegg_map_id:

[12]:

name:Purine metabolism

smpdb_id:

kegg_map_id:map00230

[13]:

name:Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Deficiency

smpdb_id:SMP00210

kegg_map_id:

[14]:

name:Thioguanine Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00430

kegg_map_id:

[15]:

name:Xanthine Dehydrogenase Deficiency (Xanthinuria)

smpdb_id:SMP00220

kegg_map_id:

[16]:

name:Xanthinuria type I

smpdb_id:SMP00512

kegg_map_id:

[17]:

name:Xanthinuria type II

smpdb_id:SMP00513

kegg_map_id:

正常浓度
1:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:0.20 +/- 0.07

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

2:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

3:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:0.05 +/- 0.01

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

4:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:5.0 +/- 0.8

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

5:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:0.3 +/- 0.1

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

6:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:0.9 +/- 0.2

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:normal

7:

biospecimen:Cellular Cytoplasm

concentration_value:1

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

8:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.64 +/- 0.35

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

9:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.6 (0.0-1.2)

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

10:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

11:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

12:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

13:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Children (6 - 18 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

14:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

15:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

16:

biospecimen:Pericardial Effusion

concentration_value:0.347 (0.159 - 1.037)

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

17:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:0.37 +/- 0.80

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

18:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:0.68 +/- 0.20

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

19:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:0.96 +/- 0.23

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

20:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:0.73 +/- 0.16

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

21:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

22:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:1.653

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

23:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.28 +/- 0.15

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

24:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.31 +/- 0.17

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

25:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.30 +/- 0.16

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

26:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

27:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0-21

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1 - 18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

28:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.71 +/- 0.89

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

29:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.28 +/- 0.33

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adolescent (13-18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

30:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:1.04 +/- 0.56

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

31:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:1.4 (0.4-6.5)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

32:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.5

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

33:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0-25

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

异常浓度
1:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:0.68 +/- 0.47

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Canavan disease

2:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:0.19 +/- 0.17 uM

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Septic shock

3:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:0.19 +/- 0.17

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Cardiogenic shock

4:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:0.19 +/- 0.17

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Major trauma

5:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:30.0

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency

6:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:1.0 +/- 0.5

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Solid tumors

7:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:0.5

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Xanthinuria type 1

8:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:0.6

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Female

patient_information:Xanthinuria type 1

9:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:1.6 +/- 0.4

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Kidney disease

10:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0.70 (0.60-0.80)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Degenerative disc disease

11:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Gout

12:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Colorectal Cancer

13:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Irritable bowel syndrome

14:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Children (6 - 18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Crohns disease

15:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Children (6 - 18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Ulcerative colitis

16:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Children (6 - 18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Unclassified IBD

17:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Colorectal cancer

18:

biospecimen:Pericardial Effusion

concentration_value:0.658 (0.321 - 1.331)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Coronary artery disease

19:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Attachment loss 

20:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Periodontal Probing Depth

21:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Tooth Decay

22:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:2.388 +/- 2.543

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Eosinophilic esophagitis

23:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Bladder cancer

24:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:1.00 +/- 1.61

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Canavan disease

25:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:14000.0

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency

疾病参考
1:

name:Critical illnesses

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Jabs CM, Sigurdsson GH, Neglen P: Plasma levels of high-energy compounds compared with severity of illness in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit. Surgery. 1998 Jul;124(1):65-72.

pubmed_id:9663253

2:

name:Canavan disease

omim_id:271900

[1]:

reference_text:Wevers RA, Engelke U, Wendel U, de Jong JG, Gabreels FJ, Heerschap A: Standardized method for high-resolution 1H-NMR of cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chem. 1995 May;41(5):744-51.

pubmed_id:7729054

[2]:

reference_text:Rothstein JD, Tsai G, Kuncl RW, Clawson L, Cornblath DR, Drachman DB, Pestronk A, Stauch BL, Coyle JT: Abnormal excitatory amino acid metabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 1990 Jul;28(1):18-25.

pubmed_id:2375630

[3]:

reference_text:Burlina AP, Ferrari V, Divry P, Gradowska W, Jakobs C, Bennett MJ, Sewell AC, Dionisi-Vici C, Burlina AB: N-acetylaspartylglutamate in Canavan disease: an adverse effector? Eur J Pediatr. 1999 May;158(5):406-9.

pubmed_id:10333125

[4]:

reference_text:Tavazzi B, Lazzarino G, Leone P, Amorini AM, Bellia F, Janson CG, Di Pietro V, Ceccarelli L, Donzelli S, Francis JS, Giardina B: Simultaneous high performance liquid chromatographic separation of purines, pyrimidines, N-acetylated amino acids, and dicarboxylic acids for the chemical diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism. Clin Biochem. 2005 Nov;38(11):997-1008. Epub 2005 Sep 1.

pubmed_id:16139832

[5]:

reference_text:Burlina AP, Ferrari V, Burlina AB, Ermani M, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Bertini E: N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) in Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2006;576:353-9; discussion 361-3. doi: 10.1007/0-387-30172-0_26.

pubmed_id:16802726

[6]:

reference_text:Matalon R, Michals K, Sebesta D, Deanching M, Gashkoff P, Casanova J: Aspartoacylase deficiency and N-acetylaspartic aciduria in patients with Canavan disease. Am J Med Genet. 1988 Feb;29(2):463-71. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1320290234.

pubmed_id:3354621

[7]:

reference_text:Matalon R, Kaul R, Casanova J, Michals K, Johnson A, Rapin I, Gashkoff P, Deanching M: SSIEM Award. Aspartoacylase deficiency: the enzyme defect in Canavan disease. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1989;12 Suppl 2:329-31.

pubmed_id:2512436

3:

name:Kidney disease

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:McGregor DO, Dellow WJ, Lever M, George PM, Robson RA, Chambers ST: Dimethylglycine accumulates in uremia and predicts elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations. Kidney Int. 2001 Jun;59(6):2267-72.

pubmed_id:11380830

[2]:

reference_text:Ehrenpreis ED, Salvino M, Craig RM: Improving the serum D-xylose test for the identification of patients with small intestinal malabsorption. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2001 Jul;33(1):36-40.

pubmed_id:11418788

[3]:

reference_text:Jankowski J, van der Giet M, Jankowski V, Schmidt S, Hemeier M, Mahn B, Giebing G, Tolle M, Luftmann H, Schluter H, Zidek W, Tepel M: Increased plasma phenylacetic acid in patients with end-stage renal failure inhibits iNOS expression. J Clin Invest. 2003 Jul;112(2):256-64.

pubmed_id:12865413

[4]:

reference_text:Gill DS, Fonseca VA, Barradas MA, Balliod R, Moorhead JF, Dandona P: Plasma histamine in patients with chronic renal failure and nephrotic syndrome. J Clin Pathol. 1991 Mar;44(3):243-5.

pubmed_id:2013627

[5]:

reference_text:Niwa T, Takeda N, Yoshizumi H: RNA metabolism in uremic patients: accumulation of modified ribonucleosides in uremic serum. Technical note. Kidney Int. 1998 Jun;53(6):1801-6.

pubmed_id:9607216

[6]:

reference_text:Takagi T, Chung TG, Saito A: Determination of polyamines in hydrolysates of uremic plasma by high-performance cation-exchange column chromatography. J Chromatogr. 1983 Feb 11;272(2):279-85.

pubmed_id:6833425

[7]:

reference_text:Burke RA, Moberly JB, Patel H, Shockley TR, Martis L: Maltose and isomaltose in uremic plasma following icodextrin administration. Adv Perit Dial. 1998;14:120-3.

pubmed_id:10649708

[8]:

reference_text:Fleck C, Schweitzer F, Karge E, Busch M, Stein G: Serum concentrations of asymmetric (ADMA) and symmetric (SDMA) dimethylarginine in patients with chronic kidney diseases. Clin Chim Acta. 2003 Oct;336(1-2):1-12.

pubmed_id:14500028

[9]:

reference_text:Raj DS, Ouwendyk M, Francoeur R, Pierratos A: Plasma amino acid profile on nocturnal hemodialysis. Blood Purif. 2000;18(2):97-102.

pubmed_id:10838467

[10]:

reference_text:Liebich HM, Woll J: Volatile substances in blood serum: profile analysis and quantitative determination. J Chromatogr. 1977 Nov 11;142:505-16.

pubmed_id:914932

[11]:

reference_text:Galley HF, Le Cras AE, Yassen K, Grant IS, Webster NR: Circulating tetrahydrobiopterin concentrations in patients with septic shock. Br J Anaesth. 2001 Apr;86(4):578-80.

pubmed_id:11573638

[12]:

reference_text:Paniagua R, Claure R, Amato D, Flores E, Perez A, Exaire E: Effects of oral administration of zinc and diiodohydroxyquinolein on plasma zinc levels of uremic patients. Nephron. 1995;69(2):147-50.

pubmed_id:7723896

[13]:

reference_text:Chuang CK, Lin SP, Chen HH, Chen YC, Wang TJ, Shieh WH, Wu CJ: Plasma free amino acids and their metabolites in Taiwanese patients on hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Clin Chim Acta. 2006 Feb;364(1-2):209-16. Epub 2005 Aug 8.

pubmed_id:16087168

[14]:

reference_text:Butscheid M, Schafer C, Brenner S, Alscher D, Murdter T, Niwa T, Frischmann M, Pischetsrieder M, Klotz U: Unchanged serum levels of advanced glycation endproducts in patients with liver disease. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2007 Aug;375(6):401-6. Epub 2007 Jun 15.

pubmed_id:17571253

[15]:

reference_text:Stenvinkel P, Rodriguez-Ayala E, Massy ZA, Qureshi AR, Barany P, Fellstrom B, Heimburger O, Lindholm B, Alvestrand A: Statin treatment and diabetes affect myeloperoxidase activity in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Mar;1(2):281-7. Epub 2006 Feb 1.

pubmed_id:17699218

[16]:

reference_text:Bain MA, Faull R, Milne RW, Evans AM: Oral L-carnitine: metabolite formation and hemodialysis. Curr Drug Metab. 2006 Oct;7(7):811-6.

pubmed_id:17073580

[17]:

reference_text:Bain MA, Faull R, Fornasini G, Milne RW, Evans AM: Accumulation of trimethylamine and trimethylamine-N-oxide in end-stage renal disease patients undergoing haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006 May;21(5):1300-4. Epub 2006 Jan 9.

pubmed_id:16401621

[18]:

reference_text:Teerlink T, Hennekes MW, Mulder C, Brulez HF: Determination of dimethylamine in biological samples by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1997 Apr 11;691(2):269-76.

pubmed_id:9174262

[19]:

reference_text:Yokoyama K, Tajima M, Yoshida H, Nakayama M, Tokutome G, Sakagami H, Hosoya T: Plasma pteridine concentrations in patients with chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002 Jun;17(6):1032-6.

pubmed_id:12032193

[20]:

reference_text:Paroni R, Ceriotti F, Galanello R, Battista Leoni G, Panico A, Scurati E, Paleari R, Chemello L, Quaino V, Scaldaferri L, Lapolla A, Mosca A: Performance characteristics and clinical utility of an enzymatic method for the measurement of glycated albumin in plasma. Clin Biochem. 2007 Dec;40(18):1398-405. Epub 2007 Aug 10.

pubmed_id:17919531

[21]:

reference_text:Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten (1978), 7(2), 62-74 (translated from German Kidney and Hypertension).

pubmed_id:

4:

name:Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency

omim_id:164050

[1]:

reference_text:Chantin C, Bonin B, Boulieu R, Bory C: Liquid-chromatographic study of purine metabolism abnormalities in purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. Clin Chem. 1996 Feb;42(2):326-8.

pubmed_id:8595732

[2]:

reference_text:Wevers RA, Engelke UF, Moolenaar SH, Brautigam C, de Jong JG, Duran R, de Abreu RA, van Gennip AH: 1H-NMR spectroscopy of body fluids: inborn errors of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. Clin Chem. 1999 Apr;45(4):539-48.

pubmed_id:10102915

[3]:

reference_text:Gandhi V, Kilpatrick JM, Plunkett W, Ayres M, Harman L, Du M, Bantia S, Davisson J, Wierda WG, Faderl S, Kantarjian H, Thomas D: A proof-of-principle pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and clinical study with purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor immucillin-H (BCX-1777, forodesine). Blood. 2005 Dec 15;106(13):4253-60. Epub 2005 Aug 30.

pubmed_id:16131572

5:

name:Thymidine treatment

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Leyva A, Schornagel JH, Kraal I, Wadman SK, Pinedo HM: Clinical and biochemical studies of high-dose thymidine treatment in patients with solid tumors. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1984;107(3):211-6.

pubmed_id:6736109

6:

name:Septic shock

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Kaufmann I, Hoelzl A, Schliephake F, Hummel T, Chouker A, Lysenko L, Peter K, Thiel M: Effects of adenosine on functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with septic shock. Shock. 2007 Jan;27(1):25-31.

pubmed_id:17172976

[2]:

reference_text:Galley HF, Le Cras AE, Yassen K, Grant IS, Webster NR: Circulating tetrahydrobiopterin concentrations in patients with septic shock. Br J Anaesth. 2001 Apr;86(4):578-80.

pubmed_id:11573638

[3]:

reference_text:Jabs CM, Sigurdsson GH, Neglen P: Plasma levels of high-energy compounds compared with severity of illness in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit. Surgery. 1998 Jul;124(1):65-72.

pubmed_id:9663253

7:

name:Xanthinuria type 1

omim_id:278300

[1]:

reference_text:Mateos FA, Puig JG, Jimenez ML, Fox IH: Hereditary xanthinuria. Evidence for enhanced hypoxanthine salvage. J Clin Invest. 1987 Mar;79(3):847-52.

pubmed_id:3818951

[2]:

reference_text:Mraz M, Hurba O, Bartl J, Dolezel Z, Marinaki A, Fairbanks L, Stiburkova B: Modern diagnostic approach to hereditary xanthinuria. Urolithiasis. 2015 Feb;43(1):61-7. doi: 10.1007/s00240-014-0734-4. Epub 2014 Nov 6.

pubmed_id:25370766

[3]:

reference_text:Eggermann T, Spengler S, Denecke B, Zerres K, Mache CJ: Multi-exon deletion in the XDH gene as a cause of classical xanthinuria. Clin Nephrol. 2013 Jan;79(1):78-80.

pubmed_id:23249873

8:

name:Degenerative disc disease

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Eells JT, Spector R: Purine and pyrimidine base and nucleoside concentrations in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Neurochem Res. 1983 Nov;8(11):1451-7.

pubmed_id:6656991

9:

name:Irritable bowel syndrome

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Bearcroft CP, Perrett D, Farthing MJ: Postprandial plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine in diarrhoea predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot study. Gut. 1998 Jan;42(1):42-6.

pubmed_id:9505884

[2]:

reference_text:Brydon WG, Nyhlin H, Eastwood MA, Merrick MV: Serum 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and selenohomocholyltaurine (SeHCAT) whole body retention in the assessment of bile acid induced diarrhoea. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1996 Feb;8(2):117-23.

pubmed_id:8723414

[3]:

reference_text:Ponnusamy K, Choi JN, Kim J, Lee SY, Lee CH: Microbial community and metabolomic comparison of irritable bowel syndrome faeces. J Med Microbiol. 2011 Jun;60(Pt 6):817-27. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.028126-0. Epub 2011 Feb 17.

pubmed_id:21330412

[4]:

reference_text:Le Gall G, Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, Jamieson C, Johnson IT, Colquhoun IJ, Kemsley EK, Narbad A: Metabolomics of fecal extracts detects altered metabolic activity of gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. J Proteome Res. 2011 Sep 2;10(9):4208-18. doi: 10.1021/pr2003598. Epub 2011 Aug 8.

pubmed_id:21761941

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reference_text:Hong YS, Hong KS, Park MH, Ahn YT, Lee JH, Huh CS, Lee J, Kim IK, Hwang GS, Kim JS: Metabonomic understanding of probiotic effects in humans with irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011 May-Jun;45(5):415-25. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318207f76c.

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reference_text:Walton C, Fowler DP, Turner C, Jia W, Whitehead RN, Griffiths L, Dawson C, Waring RH, Ramsden DB, Cole JA, Cauchi M, Bessant C, Hunter JO: Analysis of volatile organic compounds of bacterial origin in chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Sep;19(10):2069-78. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e31829a91f6.

pubmed_id:23867873

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reference_text:Zeber-Lubecka N, Kulecka M, Ambrozkiewicz F, Paziewska A, Goryca K, Karczmarski J, Rubel T, Wojtowicz W, Mlynarz P, Marczak L, Tomecki R, Mikula M, Ostrowski J: Limited prolonged effects of rifaximin treatment on irritable bowel syndrome-related differences in the fecal microbiome and metabolome. Gut Microbes. 2016 Sep 2;7(5):397-413. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1215805. Epub 2016 Jul 26.

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10:

name:Colorectal cancer

omim_id:114500

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reference_text:Ishiwata S, Itoh K, Yamaguchi T, Ishida N, Mizugaki M: Comparison of serum and urinary levels of modified nucleoside, 1-methyladenosine, in cancer patients using a monoclonal antibody-based inhibition ELISA. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1995 May;176(1):61-8.

pubmed_id:7482520

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reference_text:Monleon D, Morales JM, Barrasa A, Lopez JA, Vazquez C, Celda B: Metabolite profiling of fecal water extracts from human colorectal cancer. NMR Biomed. 2009 Apr;22(3):342-8. doi: 10.1002/nbm.1345.

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reference_text:Ritchie SA, Ahiahonu PW, Jayasinghe D, Heath D, Liu J, Lu Y, Jin W, Kavianpour A, Yamazaki Y, Khan AM, Hossain M, Su-Myat KK, Wood PL, Krenitsky K, Takemasa I, Miyake M, Sekimoto M, Monden M, Matsubara H, Nomura F, Goodenowe DB: Reduced levels of hydroxylated, polyunsaturated ultra long-chain fatty acids in the serum of colorectal cancer patients: implications for early screening and detection. BMC Med. 2010 Feb 15;8:13. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-8-13.

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reference_text:Qiu Y, Cai G, Su M, Chen T, Zheng X, Xu Y, Ni Y, Zhao A, Xu LX, Cai S, Jia W: Serum metabolite profiling of human colorectal cancer using GC-TOFMS and UPLC-QTOFMS. J Proteome Res. 2009 Oct;8(10):4844-50. doi: 10.1021/pr9004162.

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reference_text:Ni Y, Xie G, Jia W: Metabonomics of human colorectal cancer: new approaches for early diagnosis and biomarker discovery. J Proteome Res. 2014 Sep 5;13(9):3857-70. doi: 10.1021/pr500443c. Epub 2014 Aug 14.

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reference_text:Ikeda A, Nishiumi S, Shinohara M, Yoshie T, Hatano N, Okuno T, Bamba T, Fukusaki E, Takenawa T, Azuma T, Yoshida M: Serum metabolomics as a novel diagnostic approach for gastrointestinal cancer. Biomed Chromatogr. 2012 May;26(5):548-58. doi: 10.1002/bmc.1671. Epub 2011 Jul 20.

pubmed_id:21773981

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reference_text:Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016.

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reference_text:Wang X, Wang J, Rao B, Deng L: Gut flora profiling and fecal metabolite composition of colorectal cancer patients and healthy individuals. Exp Ther Med. 2017 Jun;13(6):2848-2854. doi: 10.3892/etm.2017.4367. Epub 2017 Apr 20.

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reference_text:Silke Matysik, Caroline Ivanne Le Roy, Gerhard Liebisch, Sandrine Paule Claus. Metabolomics of fecal samples: A practical consideration. Trends in Food Science & Technology. Vol. 57, Part B, Nov. 2016, p.244-255: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924224416301984

11:

name:Crohn's disease

omim_id:266600

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reference_text:Ehrenpreis ED, Salvino M, Craig RM: Improving the serum D-xylose test for the identification of patients with small intestinal malabsorption. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2001 Jul;33(1):36-40.

pubmed_id:11418788

[3]:

reference_text:Brydon WG, Nyhlin H, Eastwood MA, Merrick MV: Serum 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and selenohomocholyltaurine (SeHCAT) whole body retention in the assessment of bile acid induced diarrhoea. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1996 Feb;8(2):117-23.

pubmed_id:8723414

[4]:

reference_text:Williams HR, Cox IJ, Walker DG, North BV, Patel VM, Marshall SE, Jewell DP, Ghosh S, Thomas HJ, Teare JP, Jakobovits S, Zeki S, Welsh KI, Taylor-Robinson SD, Orchard TR: Characterization of inflammatory bowel disease with urinary metabolic profiling. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 Jun;104(6):1435-44. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2009.175. Epub 2009 Apr 28.

pubmed_id:19491857

[5]:

reference_text:Marchesi JR, Holmes E, Khan F, Kochhar S, Scanlan P, Shanahan F, Wilson ID, Wang Y: Rapid and noninvasive metabonomic characterization of inflammatory bowel disease. J Proteome Res. 2007 Feb;6(2):546-51.

pubmed_id:17269711

[6]:

reference_text:Ahmed I, Greenwood R, Costello Bde L, Ratcliffe NM, Probert CS: An investigation of fecal volatile organic metabolites in irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58204. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058204. Epub 2013 Mar 13.

pubmed_id:23516449

[7]:

reference_text:Walton C, Fowler DP, Turner C, Jia W, Whitehead RN, Griffiths L, Dawson C, Waring RH, Ramsden DB, Cole JA, Cauchi M, Bessant C, Hunter JO: Analysis of volatile organic compounds of bacterial origin in chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Sep;19(10):2069-78. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e31829a91f6.

pubmed_id:23867873

[8]:

reference_text:De Preter V, Machiels K, Joossens M, Arijs I, Matthys C, Vermeire S, Rutgeerts P, Verbeke K: Faecal metabolite profiling identifies medium-chain fatty acids as discriminating compounds in IBD. Gut. 2015 Mar;64(3):447-58. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306423. Epub 2014 May 8.

pubmed_id:24811995

[9]:

reference_text:Bjerrum JT, Wang Y, Hao F, Coskun M, Ludwig C, Gunther U, Nielsen OH: Metabonomics of human fecal extracts characterize ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and healthy individuals. Metabolomics. 2015;11:122-133. Epub 2014 Jun 1.

pubmed_id:25598765

[10]:

reference_text:Ahmed I, Greenwood R, Costello B, Ratcliffe N, Probert CS: Investigation of faecal volatile organic metabolites as novel diagnostic biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Mar;43(5):596-611. doi: 10.1111/apt.13522. Epub 2016 Jan 25.

pubmed_id:26806034

[11]:

reference_text:Lee T, Clavel T, Smirnov K, Schmidt A, Lagkouvardos I, Walker A, Lucio M, Michalke B, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Fedorak R, Haller D: Oral versus intravenous iron replacement therapy distinctly alters the gut microbiota and metabolome in patients with IBD. Gut. 2017 May;66(5):863-871. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309940. Epub 2016 Feb 4.

pubmed_id:26848182

[12]:

reference_text:Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158.

pubmed_id:27609529

[13]:

reference_text:Azario I, Pievani A, Del Priore F, Antolini L, Santi L, Corsi A, Cardinale L, Sawamoto K, Kubaski F, Gentner B, Bernardo ME, Valsecchi MG, Riminucci M, Tomatsu S, Aiuti A, Biondi A, Serafini M: Neonatal umbilical cord blood transplantation halts skeletal disease progression in the murine model of MPS-I. Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 25;7(1):9473. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09958-9.

pubmed_id:28842642

12:

name:Ulcerative colitis

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Knox C, Law V, Jewison T, Liu P, Ly S, Frolkis A, Pon A, Banco K, Mak C, Neveu V, Djoumbou Y, Eisner R, Guo AC, Wishart DS: DrugBank 3.0: a comprehensive resource for 'omics' research on drugs. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jan;39(Database issue):D1035-41. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq1126. Epub 2010 Nov 8.

pubmed_id:21059682

[2]:

reference_text:Almer S, Andersson T, Strom M: Pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid in patients with ulcerative colitis and in healthy volunteers after the single instillation of 2 g rectally. J Clin Pharmacol. 1992 Jan;32(1):49-54.

pubmed_id:1740537

[3]:

reference_text:Marchesi JR, Holmes E, Khan F, Kochhar S, Scanlan P, Shanahan F, Wilson ID, Wang Y: Rapid and noninvasive metabonomic characterization of inflammatory bowel disease. J Proteome Res. 2007 Feb;6(2):546-51.

pubmed_id:17269711

[4]:

reference_text:Garner CE, Smith S, de Lacy Costello B, White P, Spencer R, Probert CS, Ratcliffe NM: Volatile organic compounds from feces and their potential for diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease. FASEB J. 2007 Jun;21(8):1675-88. Epub 2007 Feb 21.

pubmed_id:17314143

[5]:

reference_text:Le Gall G, Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, Jamieson C, Johnson IT, Colquhoun IJ, Kemsley EK, Narbad A: Metabolomics of fecal extracts detects altered metabolic activity of gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. J Proteome Res. 2011 Sep 2;10(9):4208-18. doi: 10.1021/pr2003598. Epub 2011 Aug 8.

pubmed_id:21761941

[6]:

reference_text:Ahmed I, Greenwood R, Costello Bde L, Ratcliffe NM, Probert CS: An investigation of fecal volatile organic metabolites in irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58204. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058204. Epub 2013 Mar 13.

pubmed_id:23516449

[7]:

reference_text:Walton C, Fowler DP, Turner C, Jia W, Whitehead RN, Griffiths L, Dawson C, Waring RH, Ramsden DB, Cole JA, Cauchi M, Bessant C, Hunter JO: Analysis of volatile organic compounds of bacterial origin in chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Sep;19(10):2069-78. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e31829a91f6.

pubmed_id:23867873

[8]:

reference_text:De Preter V, Machiels K, Joossens M, Arijs I, Matthys C, Vermeire S, Rutgeerts P, Verbeke K: Faecal metabolite profiling identifies medium-chain fatty acids as discriminating compounds in IBD. Gut. 2015 Mar;64(3):447-58. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306423. Epub 2014 May 8.

pubmed_id:24811995

[9]:

reference_text:Bjerrum JT, Wang Y, Hao F, Coskun M, Ludwig C, Gunther U, Nielsen OH: Metabonomics of human fecal extracts characterize ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and healthy individuals. Metabolomics. 2015;11:122-133. Epub 2014 Jun 1.

pubmed_id:25598765

[10]:

reference_text:Ahmed I, Greenwood R, Costello B, Ratcliffe N, Probert CS: Investigation of faecal volatile organic metabolites as novel diagnostic biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Mar;43(5):596-611. doi: 10.1111/apt.13522. Epub 2016 Jan 25.

pubmed_id:26806034

[11]:

reference_text:Lee T, Clavel T, Smirnov K, Schmidt A, Lagkouvardos I, Walker A, Lucio M, Michalke B, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Fedorak R, Haller D: Oral versus intravenous iron replacement therapy distinctly alters the gut microbiota and metabolome in patients with IBD. Gut. 2017 May;66(5):863-871. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309940. Epub 2016 Feb 4.

pubmed_id:26848182

[12]:

reference_text:Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158.

pubmed_id:27609529

[13]:

reference_text:Azario I, Pievani A, Del Priore F, Antolini L, Santi L, Corsi A, Cardinale L, Sawamoto K, Kubaski F, Gentner B, Bernardo ME, Valsecchi MG, Riminucci M, Tomatsu S, Aiuti A, Biondi A, Serafini M: Neonatal umbilical cord blood transplantation halts skeletal disease progression in the murine model of MPS-I. Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 25;7(1):9473. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09958-9.

pubmed_id:28842642

13:

name:Gout

omim_id:138900

[1]:

reference_text:Shao T, Shao L, Li H, Xie Z, He Z, Wen C: Combined Signature of the Fecal Microbiome and Metabolome in Patients with Gout. Front Microbiol. 2017 Feb 21;8:268. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00268. eCollection 2017.

pubmed_id:28270806

[2]:

reference_text:MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)

pubmed_id:

14:

name:Coronary artery disease

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Fazekas L, Horkay F, Kekesi V, Huszar E, Barat E, Fazekas R, Szabo T, Juhasz-Nagy A, Naszlady A: Enhanced accumulation of pericardial fluid adenosine and inosine in patients with coronary artery disease. Life Sci. 1999;65(10):1005-12.

pubmed_id:10499868

[2]:

reference_text:Brezinski DA, Nesto RW, Serhan CN: Angioplasty triggers intracoronary leukotrienes and lipoxin A4. Impact of aspirin therapy. Circulation. 1992 Jul;86(1):56-63.

pubmed_id:1617790

15:

name:Attachment loss

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26.

pubmed_id:31026179

16:

name:Periodontal Probing Depth

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26.

pubmed_id:31026179

17:

name:Tooth Decay

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr 26.

pubmed_id:31026179

18:

name:Eosinophilic esophagitis

omim_id:610247

[1]:

reference_text:Mordechai, Hien, and David S. Wishart

pubmed_id:

KEGG数据库编号
C00294
DrugBank数据库编号
DB04335
foodb数据库编号
FDB011802
ChemSpider数据库编号
5799
公共化学化合物编号
6021
PDB数据库编号
生物利益的化学实体数据库编号
17596
knapsack数据库编号
C00019692
维基百科编号
Inosine
代谢途径的数据库编号
INOSINE
苯酚资源管理器化合物数据库编号
比格数据库编号
34525
梅林编号
84
虚拟机身份证编号
INS
fbonto数据库编号
综合参考
Shi, Qingshan; Qiu, Yutang; Li, Liangqiu; Lin, Xiaoping. New inosine-producing bacterium and method for producing inosine. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (2003), 6 pp.
一般参考
1:

protein_accession:HMDBP00001

name:5'-nucleotidase

uniprot_id:P21589

gene_name:NT5E

protein_type:Unknown

2:

protein_accession:HMDBP00004

name:Cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase 1B

uniprot_id:Q96P26

gene_name:NT5C1B

protein_type:Unknown

3:

protein_accession:HMDBP00005

name:Cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase 1A

uniprot_id:Q9BXI3

gene_name:NT5C1A

protein_type:Unknown

4:

protein_accession:HMDBP00006

name:5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase, cytosolic type

uniprot_id:Q8TCD5

gene_name:NT5C

protein_type:Unknown

5:

protein_accession:HMDBP00008

name:5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase, mitochondrial

uniprot_id:Q9NPB1

gene_name:NT5M

protein_type:Unknown

6:

protein_accession:HMDBP00181

name:Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase

uniprot_id:P47989

gene_name:XDH

protein_type:Unknown

7:

protein_accession:HMDBP00664

name:Adenosine deaminase

uniprot_id:P00813

gene_name:ADA

protein_type:Enzyme

8:

protein_accession:HMDBP02655

name:Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 4

uniprot_id:Q7RTT9

gene_name:SLC29A4

protein_type:Unknown

9:

protein_accession:HMDBP03189

name:Cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase 3

uniprot_id:Q9H0P0

gene_name:NT5C3

protein_type:Enzyme

10:

protein_accession:HMDBP03750

name:Cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase

uniprot_id:P49902

gene_name:NT5C2

protein_type:Unknown

11:

protein_accession:HMDBP03752

name:Purine nucleoside phosphorylase

uniprot_id:P00491

gene_name:PNP

protein_type:Enzyme

12:

protein_accession:HMDBP10863

name:tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase 1

uniprot_id:Q9BUB4

gene_name:ADAT1

protein_type:Unknown

13:

protein_accession:HMDBP11629

name:Adenosine deaminase CECR1

uniprot_id:Q9NZK5

gene_name:CECR1

protein_type:Unknown

蛋白质结合
1:

reference_text:Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762.

pubmed_id:19212411

2:

reference_text:Eells JT, Spector R: Purine and pyrimidine base and nucleoside concentrations in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Neurochem Res. 1983 Nov;8(11):1451-7.

pubmed_id:6656991

3:

reference_text:Nakayama Y, Kinoshita A, Tomita M: Dynamic simulation of red blood cell metabolism and its application to the analysis of a pathological condition. Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 May 9;2:18.

pubmed_id:15882454

4:

reference_text:Chantin C, Bonin B, Boulieu R, Bory C: Liquid-chromatographic study of purine metabolism abnormalities in purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. Clin Chem. 1996 Feb;42(2):326-8.

pubmed_id:8595732

5:

reference_text:Castro-Gago M, Cid E, Trabazo S, Pavon P, Camina F, Rodriguez-Segade S, Einis Punal J, Rodriguez-Nunez A: Cerebrospinal fluid purine metabolites and pyrimidine bases after brief febrile convulsions. Epilepsia. 1995 May;36(5):471-4.

pubmed_id:7614924

6:

reference_text:Rodriguez-Nunez A, Camina F, Lojo S, Rodriguez-Segade S, Castro-Gago M: Concentrations of nucleotides, nucleosides, purine bases and urate in cerebrospinal fluid of children with meningitis. Acta Paediatr. 1993 Oct;82(10):849-52.

pubmed_id:8241644

7:

reference_text:Scott GS, Spitsin SV, Kean RB, Mikheeva T, Koprowski H, Hooper DC: Therapeutic intervention in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by administration of uric acid precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 10;99(25):16303-8. Epub 2002 Nov 25.

pubmed_id:12451183

8:

reference_text:Nakao T, Nagai F, Nakao M: Posttransfusion viability of rabbit erythrocytes preserved in a medium containing inosine, adenine, and isoosmotic sucrose. Vox Sang. 1982;42(4):217-22.

pubmed_id:7090336

9:

reference_text:Harkness RA, Lund RJ: Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of hypoxanthine, xanthine, uridine and inosine: high concentrations of the ATP metabolite, hypoxanthine, after hypoxia. J Clin Pathol. 1983 Jan;36(1):1-8.

pubmed_id:6681617

10:

reference_text:Hsiao G, Lin KH, Chang Y, Chen TL, Tzu NH, Chou DS, Sheu JR: Protective mechanisms of inosine in platelet activation and cerebral ischemic damage. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Sep;25(9):1998-2004. Epub 2005 Jun 23.

pubmed_id:15976325

11:

reference_text:Jabs CM, Sigurdsson GH, Neglen P: Plasma levels of high-energy compounds compared with severity of illness in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit. Surgery. 1998 Jul;124(1):65-72.

pubmed_id:9663253

12:

reference_text:Fazekas L, Horkay F, Kekesi V, Huszar E, Barat E, Fazekas R, Szabo T, Juhasz-Nagy A, Naszlady A: Enhanced accumulation of pericardial fluid adenosine and inosine in patients with coronary artery disease. Life Sci. 1999;65(10):1005-12.

pubmed_id:10499868

13:

reference_text:Mattle HP, Lienert C, Greeve I: [Uric acid and multiple sclerosis]. Ther Umsch. 2004 Sep;61(9):553-5.

pubmed_id:15493114

14:

reference_text:Fukumori Y, Takeda H, Fujisawa T, Ushijima K, Onodera S, Shiomi N: Blood glucose and insulin concentrations are reduced in humans administered sucrose with inosine or adenosine. J Nutr. 2000 Aug;130(8):1946-9.

pubmed_id:10917906

15:

reference_text:Burger DM, Kraayeveld CL, Meenhorst PL, Mulder JW, Hoetelmans RM, Koks CH, Beijnen JH: Study on didanosine concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid. Implications for the treatment and prevention of AIDS dementia complex. Pharm World Sci. 1995 Nov 24;17(6):218-21.

pubmed_id:8597780

16:

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