创建日期
2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
更新日期
2021-09-14 15:44:46 UTC
二级访问
HMDB0005761
HMDB00186
HMDB05761
描述
alpha-Lactose is the major sugar present in milk and the main source of energy supplied to the newborn mammalian in its mother's milk. Lactose is also an important osmotic regulator of lactation. It is digested by the intestinal lactase (EC 3.2.1.108), an enzyme expressed in newborns. Its activity declines following weaning. As a result, adult mammals are normally lactose-intolerant and more than 75% of the human adult population suffers from lactase deficiency. Lactase deficiency is present in up to 80 percent of blacks and Latinos, and up to 100 percent of American Indians and Asians. Persons with lactose intolerance are unable to digest significant amounts of lactose. Common symptoms include abdominal pain and bloating, excessive flatus, and watery stool following the ingestion of foods containing lactose. A sizable number of adults believe they are lactose intolerant but do not actually have impaired lactose digestion, and some persons with lactase deficiency can tolerate moderate amounts of ingested lactose. A diagnosis of lactose intolerance can usually be made with a careful history supported by dietary manipulation. If necessary, diagnosis can be confirmed by using a breath hydrogen or lactose tolerance test. These mostly uncomfortable symptoms of lactose maldigestion are blamed for a variably dairy consumption. There is, however, emerging evidence that certain lactic acid-producing bacteria, which selectively consume prebiotics, may be beneficial against some lower intestinal diseases. Lactose maldigestion and lactose should perhaps be re-evaluated as a potential provider of such a prebiotic. Treatment consists primarily of avoiding lactose-containing foods. Lactase enzyme supplements may be helpful. The degree of lactose malabsorption varies greatly among patients with lactose intolerance, but most of them can ingest up to 350 mL of milk daily without symptoms. Lactose-intolerant patients must ensure adequate calcium intake. (PMID: 13130292, 12216958, 12197838, 12018807). Lactose in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of milk.
同义词
1:1-beta-D-Galactopyranosyl-4-alpha-D-glucopyranose
2:4-O-beta-D-Galactopyranosyl-alpha-D-glucopyranose
3:Anhydrous lactose
4:beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-alpha-D-GLCP
5:Lactose
6:Milk sugar
7:1-b-D-Galactopyranosyl-4-a-D-glucopyranose
8:1-Β-D-galactopyranosyl-4-α-D-glucopyranose
9:4-O-b-D-Galactopyranosyl-a-D-glucopyranose
10:4-O-Β-D-galactopyranosyl-α-D-glucopyranose
11:b-D-Galp-(1->4)-a-D-GLCP
12:Β-D-galp-(1->4)-α-D-GLCP
13:a-Lactose
14:Α-lactose
15:(+)-Lactose
16:1-beta-delta-Galactopyranosyl-4-alpha-delta-glucopyranose
17:4-O-Hexopyranosylhexose
18:Aletobiose
19:Dilactose
20:Fast-flo lactose
21:Flowlac 100
22:Galactinum
23:GLC-(4-1)Gal
24:Granulac 140m
25:Lactin
26:Lactin (carbohydrate)
27:Lactobiose
28:Lactohale 300
29:Lactose anhydride
30:Lactose fast-flo
31:Osmolactan
32:Pharmatosa DCL 21
33:Pharmatose 21
34:Pharmatose 325m
35:Pharmatose DCL 15
36:Prismalac
37:Respitose ML 003
38:Respitose SV 003
39:Saccharum lactin
40:Sachelac
41:Sorbalac 400
42:Sorbolac 400
43:Spherolac
44:Super-tab
45:Tablettose
46:Tablettose 70
47:Tablettose 80
48:Zeparox ep
49:Lactose, anhydrous
化学名称
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-{[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy}oxane-3,4,5-triol
代谢物结构字符串
OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O
inchi标识符
InChI=1S/C12H22O11/c13-1-3-5(15)6(16)9(19)12(22-3)23-10-4(2-14)21-11(20)8(18)7(10)17/h3-20H,1-2H2/t3-,4-,5+,6+,7-,8-,9-,10-,11+,12+/m1/s1
印记键
GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N
分类学
description: belongs to the class of organic compounds known as o-glycosyl compounds. These are glycoside in which a sugar group is bonded through one carbon to another group via a O-glycosidic bond.
description:O-glycosyl compounds
kingdom:Organic compounds
super_class:Organic oxygen compounds
class:Organooxygen compounds
sub_class:Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
molecular_framework:Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
1:Acetals
2:Disaccharides
3:Hemiacetals
4:Hydrocarbon derivatives
5:Oxacyclic compounds
6:Oxanes
7:Polyols
8:Primary alcohols
9:Secondary alcohols
10:Acetal
11:Alcohol
12:Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound
13:Disaccharide
14:Hemiacetal
15:Hydrocarbon derivative
16:O-glycosyl compound
17:Organoheterocyclic compound
18:Oxacycle
19:Oxane
20:Polyol
21:Primary alcohol
22:Secondary alcohol
23:lactose
本体论
term:Disposition
definition:A concept that describes the origin of a chemical, its location within an organism, or its route of exposure.
parent_id:
level:1
type:parent
term:Route of exposure
definition:A mean by which a chemical agent comes in contact with an organism, either under intended or unintended circumstances.
parent_id:7724
*level:2
type:parent
term:Enteral
definition:Chemical exposure via the alimentary canal (mouth to anus).
parent_id:7743
**level:3
type:parent
term:Ingestion
definition:Chemical exposure facilitated by entry through the mouth.
parent_id:7744
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Digestion
term:Source
definition:Natural or synthetic origin of a chemical.
parent_id:7724
*level:2
type:parent
term:Endogenous
definition:
parent_id:7735
**level:3
type:child
term:Food
definition:
parent_id:7735
**level:3
type:child
term:Biological
definition:A living organism (species or a higher taxonomy rank), in which a chemical can be found.
parent_id:7735
**level:3
type:parent
term:Animal
definition:A living organism belonging to the kingdom animalia. it feeds on organic matter, typically having specialized sense organs and nervous system and able to respond rapidly to stimuli.
parent_id:7736
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Fauna
term:Plant
definition:A living organism belonging to the kingdom plantea. typically, it grows in a permanent site, absorbs water and inorganic substances through its roots, and synthesizes nutrients in its leaves by photosynthesis using the green pigment chlorophyll. examples incude trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses.
parent_id:7736
***level:4
type:parent
synonym:Flora
term:Biological location
definition:The physiological origin within an organism, including anatomical compnents, biofluids and excreta.
parent_id:7724
*level:2
type:parent
term:Tissue and substructures
definition:An anatomical organizational level including multiple cells yet not comprising a complete organ .
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Muscle
definition:A fibrous soft tissue with the ability to contract to produce force and motion. (nci).
parent_id:7729
***level:4
type:child
term:Organ and components
definition:An anatomical organizational level including multiple tissues or substructures, which enables a common biological function.
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Intestine
definition:The portion of the gastrointestinal tract that includes the small and large intestines.
parent_id:7727
***level:4
type:child
term:Spleen
definition:An abdominal organ that is part of the hematopoietic and immune systems. it is composed of the white pulp and the red pulp and is surrounded by a capsule. (nci).
parent_id:7727
***level:4
type:child
term:Bladder
definition:The distensible sac-like organ that functions as a reservoir of urine, collecting from the kidneys and eliminating via the urethra. (nci).
parent_id:7727
***level:4
type:child
term:Skin
definition:An organ that constitutes the external surface of the body. it consists of the epidermis, dermis, and skin appendages. (nci).
parent_id:7727
***level:4
type:child
term:Biofluid and excreta
definition:A liquid, semi-solid or solid material originating in the body.
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Feces
definition:The material discharged from the bowel during defecation. It consists of undigested food, intestinal mucus, epithelial cells, and bacteria.
parent_id:7731
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Fecal
synonym:Stool
synonym:Faecal
synonym:Faeces
term:Urine
definition:Excretion in liquid state processed by the kidney.
parent_id:7731
***level:4
type:child
term:Blood
definition:A liquid tissue with the primary function of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide (nci). it supplies the tissues with nutrients, removes waste products, and contains various components of the immune system defending the body against infection.
parent_id:7731
***level:4
type:child
term:Breast milk
definition:Portion of secreted substance produced by the mammary gland.
parent_id:7731
***level:4
type:child
term:Subcellular
definition:An anatomical organizational level including a component within a biological cell .
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Cytoplasm
definition:The portion of the cell contained within the plasma membrane but excluding the nucleus.
parent_id:7730
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Cytoplasma
term:Lysosome
definition:В A sac-like compartment inside a cell that has enzymes that can break down cellular components that need to be destroyed. (NCI).
parent_id:7730
***level:4
type:child
term:Golgi
definition:A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. Note that the Golgi apparatus can be located in various places in the cytoplasm.
parent_id:7730
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Golgi apparatus
synonym:Golgi complex
synonym:Golgi ribbon
term:Cell and elements
definition:An anatomical organizational level comprising of a single cell (or a fragment in some exceptions). a cell is defined by its type or function. it is the smallest unit of living structure capable of independent existence, composed of a membrane-enclosed mass of protoplasm and containing a nucleus or nucleoid.
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Extracellular
definition:The space external to the outermost structure of a cell.
parent_id:7732
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Extracellular region
term:Element
definition:
parent_id:7732
***level:4
type:parent
term:Process
definition:Biological or chemical events, or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.
parent_id:
level:1
type:parent
term:Naturally occurring process
definition:Naturally-occurring molecular events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.
parent_id:7659
*level:2
type:parent
term:Biological process
definition:Biological or chemical events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product within an organism.
parent_id:7660
**level:3
type:parent
term:Biochemical pathway
definition:A linked series of chemical reactions that occur in a defined order within or between organism cells, and lead to a known function or end product.
parent_id:7661
***level:4
type:parent
term:Role
definition:The purpose or function assumed by a chemical, either naturally or as intended by humans .
parent_id:
level:1
type:parent
term:Industrial application
definition:The assumed function of a chemical utilized by human.
parent_id:7671
*level:2
type:parent
term:Food and nutrition
definition:A chemical purpose related to manufacturing of food and nutrition products.
parent_id:7678
**level:3
type:child
实验性质
1:
kind:water_solubility
value:195 mg/mL at 20 °C
source:
2:
kind:melting_point
value:201 - 202 °C
source:
预测性质
1:
kind:logp
value:-3.01
source:ALOGPS
2:
kind:logs
value:0.23
source:ALOGPS
3:
kind:solubility
value:586 g/L
source:ALOGPS
4:
kind:logp
value:-4.7
source:ChemAxon
5:
kind:pka_strongest_acidic
value:11.25
source:ChemAxon
6:
kind:pka_strongest_basic
value:-3
source:ChemAxon
7:
kind:iupac
value:(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-{[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy}oxane-3,4,5-triol
source:ChemAxon
8:
kind:average_mass
value:342.2965
source:ChemAxon
9:
kind:mono_mass
value:342.116211546
source:ChemAxon
10:
kind:smiles
value:OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O
source:ChemAxon
11:
kind:formula
value:C12H22O11
source:ChemAxon
12:
kind:inchi
value:InChI=1S/C12H22O11/c13-1-3-5(15)6(16)9(19)12(22-3)23-10-4(2-14)21-11(20)8(18)7(10)17/h3-20H,1-2H2/t3-,4-,5+,6+,7-,8-,9-,10-,11+,12+/m1/s1
source:ChemAxon
13:
kind:inchikey
value:GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N
source:ChemAxon
14:
kind:polar_surface_area
value:189.53
source:ChemAxon
15:
kind:refractivity
value:68.34
source:ChemAxon
16:
kind:polarizability
value:30.92
source:ChemAxon
17:
kind:rotatable_bond_count
value:4
source:ChemAxon
18:
kind:acceptor_count
value:11
source:ChemAxon
19:
kind:donor_count
value:8
source:ChemAxon
20:
kind:physiological_charge
value:0
source:ChemAxon
21:
kind:formal_charge
value:0
source:ChemAxon
22:
kind:number_of_rings
value:2
source:ChemAxon
23:
kind:bioavailability
value:No
source:ChemAxon
24:
kind:rule_of_five
value:No
source:ChemAxon
25:
kind:ghose_filter
value:No
source:ChemAxon
26:
kind:veber_rule
value:No
source:ChemAxon
27:
kind:mddr_like_rule
value:No
source:ChemAxon
生物学性质
1:
cellular:(1):Cytoplasm
cellular:(2):Extracellular
cellular:(3):Golgi apparatus
cellular:(4):Lysosome
2:
biospecimen:(1):Blood
biospecimen:(2):Breast Milk
biospecimen:(3):Feces
biospecimen:(4):Urine
3:
tissue:(1):Bladder
tissue:(2):Epidermis
tissue:(3):Intestine
tissue:(4):Platelet
tissue:(5):Skeletal Muscle
tissue:(6):Spleen
4:
[1]:
name:Congenital disorder of glycosylation CDG-IId
smpdb_id:SMP00579
kegg_map_id:
[2]:
name:Galactose Metabolism
smpdb_id:SMP00043
kegg_map_id:map00052
[3]:
name:Galactosemia
smpdb_id:SMP00182
kegg_map_id:
[4]:
name:GLUT-1 deficiency syndrome
smpdb_id:SMP00580
kegg_map_id:
[5]:
name:Lactose Degradation
smpdb_id:SMP00457
kegg_map_id:
[6]:
name:Lactose Intolerance
smpdb_id:SMP00458
kegg_map_id:
[7]:
name:Lactose Synthesis
smpdb_id:SMP00444
kegg_map_id:
正常浓度
1:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:
concentration_units:
subject_age:
subject_sex:
subject_condition:Normal
2:
biospecimen:Breast Milk
concentration_value:170000 +/- 7300
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Female
subject_condition:Normal
3:
biospecimen:Feces
concentration_value:
concentration_units:
subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
4:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:19.378 +/- 10.997
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)
subject_sex:Not Specified
subject_condition:Normal
5:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:11.8 (1.0-24.2)
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
6:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:13.600-48.467
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)
subject_sex:Not Specified
subject_condition:Normal
7:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:30.0 (13.0-49.0)
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
8:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:1.45 (0.63-3.45)
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
9:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:36.31 +/- 6.60
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Not Specified
subject_condition:Normal
10:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:66.02 +/- 6.60
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Not Specified
subject_condition:Normal
11:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:676.75 +/- 85.83
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)
subject_sex:Not Specified
subject_condition:Normal
12:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:6.08 +/- 6.07
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
异常浓度
1:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:51.475 +/- 126.985
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)
patient_sex:Not Specified
patient_information:Eosinophilic esophagitis
2:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:
concentration_units:
patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)
patient_sex:Both
patient_information:Bladder cancer
3:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:585
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
patient_age:Infant (0-1 year old)
patient_sex:Male
patient_information:Lactose Intolerance
疾病参考
1:
name:Eosinophilic esophagitis
omim_id:610247
[1]:
reference_text:Mordechai, Hien, and David S. Wishart
pubmed_id:
2:
name:Lactose Intolerance
omim_id:223000
[1]:
reference_text:Hoskova A, Sabacky J, Mrskos A, Pospisil R: Severe lactose intolerance with lactosuria and vomiting. Arch Dis Child. 1980 Apr;55(4):304-5.
pubmed_id:7416780
综合参考
Ruffing, Anne; Mao, Zichao; Ruizhen Chen, Rachel. Metabolic engineering of Agrobacterium sp. for UDP-galactose regeneration and oligosaccharide synthesis. Metabolic Engineering (2006), 8(5), 465-473.
一般参考
1:
protein_accession:HMDBP00365
name:Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase
uniprot_id:P09848
gene_name:LCT
protein_type:Enzyme
2:
protein_accession:HMDBP00371
name:Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 2
uniprot_id:O60909
gene_name:B4GALT2
protein_type:Unknown
3:
protein_accession:HMDBP00372
name:Alpha-lactalbumin
uniprot_id:P00709
gene_name:LALBA
protein_type:Enzyme
4:
protein_accession:HMDBP00377
name:Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1
uniprot_id:P15291
gene_name:B4GALT1
protein_type:Unknown
5:
protein_accession:HMDBP00843
name:Beta-galactosidase
uniprot_id:P16278
gene_name:GLB1
protein_type:Enzyme
6:
protein_accession:HMDBP11449
name:Glycolipid transfer protein
uniprot_id:Q9NZD2
gene_name:GLTP
protein_type:Unknown
蛋白质结合
1:
reference_text:Jung SK, Fujimoto D: A novel beta-galactoside-binding lectin in adult rat kidney. J Biochem. 1994 Sep;116(3):547-53.
pubmed_id:7852273
2:
reference_text:Oozeer R, Furet JP, Goupil-Feuillerat N, Anba J, Mengaud J, Corthier G: Differential activities of four Lactobacillus casei promoters during bacterial transit through the gastrointestinal tracts of human-microbiota-associated mice. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Mar;71(3):1356-63.
pubmed_id:15746338
3:
reference_text:Dimopoulos MA, Anagnostopoulos A: Thalidomide in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: pivotal trials conducted outside the United States. Semin Hematol. 2003 Oct;40(4 Suppl 4):8-16.
pubmed_id:15015891
4:
reference_text:Muthusamy A, Erickson DR, Sheykhnazari M, Bhavanandan VP: Enhanced binding of modified pentosan polysulfate and heparin to bladder--a strategy for improved treatment of interstitial cystitis. Urology. 2006 Jan;67(1):209-13.
pubmed_id:16413377
5:
reference_text:Johnson JD, Simoons FJ, Hurwitz R, Grange A, Mitchell CH, Sinatra FR, Sunshine P, Robertson WV, Bennett PH, Kretchmer N: Lactose malabsorption among the Pima indians of Arizona. Gastroenterology. 1977 Dec;73(6):1299-304.
pubmed_id:578795
6:
reference_text:Lustenberger RW: [A 23-year old patient with chronic diarrhea. Celiac disease and lactose intolerance]. Praxis (Bern 1994). 2005 Feb 2;94(5):163-4.
pubmed_id:15745382
7:
reference_text:Sharma A, DiCioccio RA, Allen HJ: Identification and synthesis of a novel 15 kDa beta-galactoside-binding lectin in human leukocytes. Glycobiology. 1992 Aug;2(4):285-92.
pubmed_id:1421750
8:
reference_text:Rana SV, Bhasin DK, Vinayak VK: Lactose hydrogen breath test in Giardia lamblia-positive patients. Dig Dis Sci. 2005 Feb;50(2):259-61.
pubmed_id:15745082
9:
reference_text:Mitchell JD, Brand J, Halbisch J: Weight-gain inhibition by lactose in Australian Aboriginal children. A controlled trial of normal and lactose hydrolysed milk. Lancet. 1977 Mar 5;1(8010):500-2.
pubmed_id:65606
10:
reference_text:Soupene E, van Heeswijk WC, Plumbridge J, Stewart V, Bertenthal D, Lee H, Prasad G, Paliy O, Charernnoppakul P, Kustu S: Physiological studies of Escherichia coli strain MG1655: growth defects and apparent cross-regulation of gene expression. J Bacteriol. 2003 Sep;185(18):5611-26.
pubmed_id:12949114
11:
reference_text:Yeoh E, Horowitz M, Russo A, Muecke T, Robb T, Chatterton B: The effects of abdominal irradiation for seminoma of the testis on gastrointestinal function. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1995 Mar-Apr;10(2):125-30.
pubmed_id:7787155
12:
reference_text:Bondesson E, Bengtsson T, Borgstrom L, Nilsson LE, Norrgren K, Olsson B, Svensson M, Wollmer P: Dose delivery late in the breath can increase dry powder aerosol penetration into the lungs. J Aerosol Med. 2005 Spring;18(1):23-33.
pubmed_id:15741771
13:
reference_text:Roberson CM: Lactose intolerance. Ala Nurse. 2004 Dec-2005 Feb;31(4):23-4; quiz 24.
pubmed_id:15662762
14:
reference_text:Kim KI, Lee WS, Benevenga NJ: Feeding diets containing high levels of milk products or cellulose decrease urease activity and ammonia production in rat intestine. J Nutr. 1998 Jul;128(7):1186-91.
pubmed_id:9649604
15:
reference_text:Gunther S, Patterson RE, Kristal AR, Stratton KL, White E: Demographic and health-related correlates of herbal and specialty supplement use. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004 Jan;104(1):27-34.
pubmed_id:14702580
16:
reference_text:Delaveau P: [Milk lactose. Hypothesis on its biological importance]. Ann Pharm Fr. 2003;61(5):340-2.
pubmed_id:13130292
17:
reference_text:Vilotte JL: Lowering the milk lactose content in vivo: potential interests, strategies and physiological consequences. Reprod Nutr Dev. 2002 Mar-Apr;42(2):127-32.
pubmed_id:12216958
18:
reference_text:Szilagyi A: Review article: lactose--a potential prebiotic. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Sep;16(9):1591-602.
pubmed_id:12197838
19:
reference_text:Swagerty DL Jr, Walling AD, Klein RM: Lactose intolerance. Am Fam Physician. 2002 May 1;65(9):1845-50.
pubmed_id:12018807