创建日期
2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
更新日期
2021-09-14 15:20:01 UTC
描述
L-DOPA, also known as levodopa or 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an alpha amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). L-DOPA is found naturally in both animals and plants. It is made via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase.. L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines. The Swedish scientist Arvid Carlsson first showed in the 1950s that administering L-DOPA to animals with drug-induced (reserpine) Parkinsonian symptoms caused a reduction in the intensity of the animals' symptoms. Unlike dopamine itself, L-DOPA can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. In particular, it is metabolized to dopamine by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. Pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) is a required cofactor for this decarboxylation, and may be administered along with levodopa, usually as pyridoxine. As a result, L-DOPA is a drug that is now used for the treatment of Parkinsonian disorders and DOPA-Responsive Dystonia. It is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. It is standard clinical practice in treating Parkinsonism to co-administer a peripheral DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor - carbidopa or benserazide - and often a catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitor, to prevent synthesis of dopamine in peripheral tissue. Side effects of L-DOPA treatment may include: hypertension, arrhythmias, nausea, gastrointestinal bleeding, disturbed respiration, hair loss, disorientation and confusion. L-DOPA can act as an L-tyrosine mimetic and be incorporated into proteins by mammalian cells in place of L-tyrosine, generating protease-resistant and aggregate-prone proteins in vitro and may contribute to neurotoxicity with chronic L-DOPA administration. L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-DOPA are all precursors to the biological pigment melanin. The enzyme tyrosinase catalyzes the oxidation of L-DOPA to the reactive intermediate dopaquinone, which reacts further, eventually leading to melanin oligomers.
同义词
1:(-)-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine
2:(-)-Dopa
3:3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine
4:3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE
5:3-Hydroxy-L-tyrosine
6:beta-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine
7:beta-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)alanine
8:Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine
9:Dopar
10:L-beta-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)alanine
11:Levodopa
12:Levodopum
13:b-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine
14:Β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine
15:b-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)alanine
16:Β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine
17:L-b-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)alanine
18:L-Β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine
19:(2S)-2-Amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate
20:(2S)-2-Amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
21:3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine
22:3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine
23:b-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-a-L-alanine
24:Bendopa
25:beta-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-alpha-L-alanine
26:Cidandopa
27:Dihydroxyphenylalanine
28:Dopaflex
29:Dopaidan
30:Dopal
31:Dopalina
32:Doparkine
33:Doparl
34:Dopasol
35:Dopaston
36:Dopastone
37:Dopastral
38:Dopicar
39:Doprin
40:Eldopal
41:Eldopar
42:Eldopatec
43:Eurodopa
44:Helfo-dopa
45:Insulamina
46:L-(-)-Dopa
47:L-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-alanine
48:L-4-5-Dihydroxyphenylalanine
49:L-b-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-a-alanine
50:L-beta-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-alpha-alanine
51:L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine
52:Laradopa
53:Larodopa
54:Ledopa
55:Levedopa
56:Levopa
57:Maipedopa
58:Parda
59:Pardopa
60:Prodopa
61:Syndopa
62:Veldopa
63:Weldopa
64:3 Hydroxy L tyrosine
65:Roche brand OF levodopa
66:L 3,4 Dihydroxyphenylalanine
67:L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine
68:Medphano brand OF levodopa
69:L Dopa
70:Roberts brand OF levodopa
化学名称
(2S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
代谢物结构字符串
N[C@@H](CC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1)C(O)=O
inchi标识符
InChI=1S/C9H11NO4/c10-6(9(13)14)3-5-1-2-7(11)8(12)4-5/h1-2,4,6,11-12H,3,10H2,(H,13,14)/t6-/m0/s1
印记键
WTDRDQBEARUVNC-LURJTMIESA-N
分类学
description: belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosine and derivatives. Tyrosine and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
description:Tyrosine and derivatives
kingdom:Organic compounds
super_class:Organic acids and derivatives
class:Carboxylic acids and derivatives
sub_class:Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
molecular_framework:Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
1:1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids
2:1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoids
3:Amino acids
4:Amphetamines and derivatives
5:Aralkylamines
6:Carbonyl compounds
7:Carboxylic acids
8:Catechols
9:Hydrocarbon derivatives
10:L-alpha-amino acids
11:Monoalkylamines
12:Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
13:Organic oxides
14:Organopnictogen compounds
15:Phenylalanine and derivatives
16:Phenylpropanoic acids
17:1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
18:1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid
19:3-phenylpropanoic-acid
20:Alpha-amino acid
21:Amine
22:Amino acid
23:Amphetamine or derivatives
24:Aralkylamine
25:Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
26:Benzenoid
27:Carbonyl group
28:Carboxylic acid
29:Catechol
30:Hydrocarbon derivative
31:L-alpha-amino acid
32:Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
33:Monocyclic benzene moiety
34:Organic nitrogen compound
35:Organic oxide
36:Organic oxygen compound
37:Organonitrogen compound
38:Organooxygen compound
39:Organopnictogen compound
40:Phenol
41:Phenylalanine or derivatives
42:Primary aliphatic amine
43:Primary amine
44:Tyrosine or derivatives
45:Biogenic amines
46:L-tyrosine derivative
47:Other amino acids
48:dopa
49:non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
本体论
term:Disposition
definition:A concept that describes the origin of a chemical, its location within an organism, or its route of exposure.
parent_id:
level:1
type:parent
term:Route of exposure
definition:A mean by which a chemical agent comes in contact with an organism, either under intended or unintended circumstances.
parent_id:7724
*level:2
type:parent
term:Enteral
definition:Chemical exposure via the alimentary canal (mouth to anus).
parent_id:7743
**level:3
type:parent
term:Ingestion
definition:Chemical exposure facilitated by entry through the mouth.
parent_id:7744
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Digestion
term:Source
definition:Natural or synthetic origin of a chemical.
parent_id:7724
*level:2
type:parent
term:Endogenous
definition:
parent_id:7735
**level:3
type:child
term:Food
definition:
parent_id:7735
**level:3
type:child
term:Environmental
definition:An environmentally-sourced sample in which a chemical can be found.
parent_id:7735
**level:3
type:parent
term:Wastewater
definition:Liquid wastes from communities, which may be a mixture of domestic effluent from homes and liquid waste from industry. (epa).
parent_id:7741
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Sewage
term:Biological
definition:A living organism (species or a higher taxonomy rank), in which a chemical can be found.
parent_id:7735
**level:3
type:parent
term:Animal
definition:A living organism belonging to the kingdom animalia. it feeds on organic matter, typically having specialized sense organs and nervous system and able to respond rapidly to stimuli.
parent_id:7736
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Fauna
term:Plant
definition:A living organism belonging to the kingdom plantea. typically, it grows in a permanent site, absorbs water and inorganic substances through its roots, and synthesizes nutrients in its leaves by photosynthesis using the green pigment chlorophyll. examples incude trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses.
parent_id:7736
***level:4
type:parent
synonym:Flora
term:Biological location
definition:The physiological origin within an organism, including anatomical compnents, biofluids and excreta.
parent_id:7724
*level:2
type:parent
term:Organ and components
definition:An anatomical organizational level including multiple tissues or substructures, which enables a common biological function.
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Intestine
definition:The portion of the gastrointestinal tract that includes the small and large intestines.
parent_id:7727
***level:4
type:child
term:Bladder
definition:The distensible sac-like organ that functions as a reservoir of urine, collecting from the kidneys and eliminating via the urethra. (nci).
parent_id:7727
***level:4
type:child
term:Brain
definition:An organ composed of grey and white matter that is the center for intelligence and reasoning. it is protected by the bony cranium. (nci).
parent_id:7727
***level:4
type:child
term:Tissue and substructures
definition:An anatomical organizational level including multiple cells yet not comprising a complete organ .
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Placenta
definition:An organ present in some vertebrates during embryonic gestation that surrounds the fetus and provides it with nutrients and oxygen, facilitates gas and waste exchange between the fetus and mother, and provides parasitic cloaking from the mother's immune system by excretion of neurokinin b. (nci).
parent_id:7729
***level:4
type:child
term:Epidermis
definition:The epithelial portion of the skin (cutis). it consists of the following layers: stratum corneum (horny layer), stratum granulosum (granular layer), stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer), and stratum basale (basal cell layer). (nci).
parent_id:7729
***level:4
type:child
term:Muscle
definition:A fibrous soft tissue with the ability to contract to produce force and motion. (nci).
parent_id:7729
***level:4
type:child
term:Biofluid and excreta
definition:A liquid, semi-solid or solid material originating in the body.
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Urine
definition:Excretion in liquid state processed by the kidney.
parent_id:7731
***level:4
type:child
term:Blood
definition:A liquid tissue with the primary function of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide (nci). it supplies the tissues with nutrients, removes waste products, and contains various components of the immune system defending the body against infection.
parent_id:7731
***level:4
type:child
term:Cerebrospinal fluid
definition:The fluid that is contained within the brain ventricles, the subarachnoid space and the central canal of the spinal cord. (nci).
parent_id:7731
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Csf
term:Subcellular
definition:An anatomical organizational level including a component within a biological cell .
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Cytoplasm
definition:The portion of the cell contained within the plasma membrane but excluding the nucleus.
parent_id:7730
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Cytoplasma
term:Cell and elements
definition:An anatomical organizational level comprising of a single cell (or a fragment in some exceptions). a cell is defined by its type or function. it is the smallest unit of living structure capable of independent existence, composed of a membrane-enclosed mass of protoplasm and containing a nucleus or nucleoid.
parent_id:7725
**level:3
type:parent
term:Extracellular
definition:The space external to the outermost structure of a cell.
parent_id:7732
***level:4
type:child
synonym:Extracellular region
term:Element
definition:
parent_id:7732
***level:4
type:parent
term:Cell
definition:
parent_id:7732
***level:4
type:parent
term:Process
definition:Biological or chemical events, or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.
parent_id:
level:1
type:parent
term:Naturally occurring process
definition:Naturally-occurring molecular events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.
parent_id:7659
*level:2
type:parent
term:Biological process
definition:Biological or chemical events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product within an organism.
parent_id:7660
**level:3
type:parent
term:Biochemical pathway
definition:A linked series of chemical reactions that occur in a defined order within or between organism cells, and lead to a known function or end product.
parent_id:7661
***level:4
type:parent
term:Role
definition:The purpose or function assumed by a chemical, either naturally or as intended by humans .
parent_id:
level:1
type:parent
term:Indirect biological role
definition:An indirect function of a chemical which affect the physiological state of any organism (apart from the source organism, if of biological source).
parent_id:7671
*level:2
type:parent
term:Neurotoxin
definition:A chemical substance that interferes with the normal functioning of the nervous system.
parent_id:7691
**level:3
type:child
synonym:Neurotoxic
synonym:Neurotoxic agent
term:Environmental role
definition:A direct or indirect function of chemical product or process which affect the components of the environment.
parent_id:7671
*level:2
type:parent
term:Environmental contaminant
definition:A chemical substance, natural or synthetic, that when present in sufficient concentrations is harmful to organisms and the environment.
parent_id:7692
**level:3
type:child
synonym:Pollutant
synonym:Contaminant
term:Industrial application
definition:The assumed function of a chemical utilized by human.
parent_id:7671
*level:2
type:parent
term:Prodrug
definition:A chemical substanceused in a pharmaceutical preparation, which is metabolized after administration, into a pharmacologically active agent. .
parent_id:7678
**level:3
type:child
synonym:Pro-drug
term:Pharmaceutical industry
definition:A pharmacologic activity for which a chemical substance is utilized owing to its biological role.
parent_id:7678
**level:3
type:parent
term:Pharmaceutical
definition:
parent_id:7679
***level:4
type:child
实验性质
1:
kind:water_solubility
value:5.0 mg/mL
source:
2:
kind:logp
value:-2.39
source:SANGSTER (1993)
3:
kind:melting_point
value:285 °C
source:
预测性质
1:
kind:solubility
value:3.3 g/L
source:ALOGPS
2:
kind:logp
value:-1.8
source:ChemAxon
3:
kind:pka_strongest_acidic
value:1.65
source:ChemAxon
4:
kind:pka_strongest_basic
value:9.06
source:ChemAxon
5:
kind:iupac
value:(2S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
source:ChemAxon
6:
kind:average_mass
value:197.1879
source:ChemAxon
7:
kind:mono_mass
value:197.068807845
source:ChemAxon
8:
kind:smiles
value:N[C@@H](CC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1)C(O)=O
source:ChemAxon
9:
kind:formula
value:C9H11NO4
source:ChemAxon
10:
kind:inchi
value:InChI=1S/C9H11NO4/c10-6(9(13)14)3-5-1-2-7(11)8(12)4-5/h1-2,4,6,11-12H,3,10H2,(H,13,14)/t6-/m0/s1
source:ChemAxon
11:
kind:inchikey
value:WTDRDQBEARUVNC-LURJTMIESA-N
source:ChemAxon
12:
kind:polar_surface_area
value:103.78
source:ChemAxon
13:
kind:refractivity
value:49.08
source:ChemAxon
14:
kind:polarizability
value:18.91
source:ChemAxon
15:
kind:rotatable_bond_count
value:3
source:ChemAxon
16:
kind:acceptor_count
value:5
source:ChemAxon
17:
kind:donor_count
value:4
source:ChemAxon
18:
kind:physiological_charge
value:0
source:ChemAxon
19:
kind:formal_charge
value:0
source:ChemAxon
20:
kind:number_of_rings
value:1
source:ChemAxon
21:
kind:bioavailability
value:Yes
source:ChemAxon
22:
kind:rule_of_five
value:Yes
source:ChemAxon
23:
kind:ghose_filter
value:No
source:ChemAxon
24:
kind:veber_rule
value:No
source:ChemAxon
25:
kind:mddr_like_rule
value:No
source:ChemAxon
1:
type:Specdb::NmrTwoD
spectrum_id:1190
2:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:286
3:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:287
4:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:288
5:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:3387
6:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:3388
7:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:3389
8:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:3390
9:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:3391
10:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:3392
11:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:3393
12:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:3394
13:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:3395
14:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:3396
15:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:3397
16:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:3398
17:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:3399
18:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:3400
19:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:3401
20:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:3402
21:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:3406
22:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:3407
23:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:257316
24:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:257317
25:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:257318
26:
type:Specdb::MsMs
spectrum_id:277254
27:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:420
28:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:421
29:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:422
30:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:1783
31:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:8027
32:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:30324
33:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:30526
34:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:30845
35:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:31053
36:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:32134
37:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:32135
38:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:37341
39:
type:Specdb::CMs
spectrum_id:168678
40:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:1149
41:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:6032
42:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:6033
43:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:6034
44:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:6035
45:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:6036
46:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:6037
47:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:6038
48:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:6039
49:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:6040
50:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:6041
51:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:6042
52:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:6043
53:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:6044
54:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:6045
55:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:6046
56:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:6047
57:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:6048
58:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:6049
59:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:6050
60:
type:Specdb::NmrOneD
spectrum_id:6051
生物学性质
1:
cellular:(1):Cytoplasm
cellular:(2):Extracellular
2:
biospecimen:(1):Blood
biospecimen:(2):Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
biospecimen:(3):Feces
biospecimen:(4):Urine
3:
tissue:(1):Adrenal Medulla
tissue:(2):Bladder
tissue:(3):Brain
tissue:(4):Epidermis
tissue:(5):Intestine
tissue:(6):Neuron
tissue:(7):Placenta
tissue:(8):Platelet
tissue:(9):Skeletal Muscle
4:
[1]:
name:Alkaptonuria
smpdb_id:SMP00169
kegg_map_id:
[2]:
name:Aromatic L-Aminoacid Decarboxylase Deficiency
smpdb_id:SMP00170
kegg_map_id:
[3]:
name:Disulfiram Action Pathway
smpdb_id:SMP00429
kegg_map_id:
[4]:
name:Dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency
smpdb_id:SMP00498
kegg_map_id:
[5]:
name:Hawkinsinuria
smpdb_id:SMP00190
kegg_map_id:
[6]:
name:Monoamine oxidase-a deficiency (MAO-A)
smpdb_id:SMP00533
kegg_map_id:
[7]:
name:Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency
smpdb_id:SMP00497
kegg_map_id:
[8]:
name:Tyrosine metabolism
smpdb_id:
kegg_map_id:map00350
[9]:
name:Tyrosine metabolism
smpdb_id:
kegg_map_id:map00350
[10]:
name:Tyrosinemia Type I
smpdb_id:SMP00218
kegg_map_id:
[11]:
name:Tyrosinemia, transient, of the newborn
smpdb_id:SMP00494
kegg_map_id:
正常浓度
1:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:0.00723 +/- 0.00097
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
2:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:
concentration_units:
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
3:
biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
concentration_value:0.0035 +/- 0.0009
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Not Specified
subject_condition:Normal
4:
biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
concentration_value:<0.025
concentration_units:uM
subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)
subject_sex:Male
subject_condition:Normal
5:
biospecimen:Feces
concentration_value:
concentration_units:
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
6:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.01-0.15
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
7:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.04(0.01-0.08)
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)
subject_sex:Female
subject_condition:Normal
8:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.04(0.02-0.17)
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)
subject_sex:Male
subject_condition:Normal
9:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.0833 +/- 0.0238
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)
subject_sex:Not Specified
subject_condition:Normal
10:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.02 (0.01-0.04)
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
11:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.00500-0.217
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)
subject_sex:Female
subject_condition:Normal
12:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.008 (0.0036-0.0138)
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
13:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.0136 +/- 0.0033
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
14:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:
concentration_units:
subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)
subject_sex:Both
subject_condition:Normal
异常浓度
1:
biospecimen:Blood
concentration_value:14.0 +/- 2.53
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Elderly (>65 years old)
patient_sex:Both
patient_information:Alzheimer's disease
2:
biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
concentration_value:<0.001
concentration_units:uM
patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)
patient_sex:Male
patient_information:sepiapterin reductase deficiency
3:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.094 +/- 0.0546
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)
patient_sex:Not Specified
patient_information:Eosinophilic esophagitis
4:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:0.1135 +/- 0.1355
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)
patient_sex:Not Specified
patient_information:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
5:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:8.683
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)
patient_sex:Female
patient_information:Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency
6:
biospecimen:Urine
concentration_value:11.38
concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine
patient_age:Infant (0-1 year old)
patient_sex:Female
patient_information:Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency
疾病参考
1:
name:Alzheimer's disease
omim_id:104300
[1]:
reference_text:Fonteh AN, Harrington RJ, Tsai A, Liao P, Harrington MG: Free amino acid and dipeptide changes in the body fluids from Alzheimer's disease subjects. Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):213-24. Epub 2006 Oct 10.
pubmed_id:17031479
[2]:
reference_text:Selley ML, Close DR, Stern SE: The effect of increased concentrations of homocysteine on the concentration of (E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2002 May-Jun;23(3):383-8.
pubmed_id:11959400
[3]:
reference_text:Shetty HU, Holloway HW, Schapiro MB: Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma distribution of myo-inositol and other polyols in Alzheimer disease. Clin Chem. 1996 Feb;42(2):298-302.
pubmed_id:8595727
[4]:
reference_text:Jia JP, Jia JM, Zhou WD, Xu M, Chu CB, Yan X, Sun YX: Differential acetylcholine and choline concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Chin Med J (Engl). 2004 Aug;117(8):1161-4.
pubmed_id:15361288
[5]:
reference_text:Redjems-Bennani N, Jeandel C, Lefebvre E, Blain H, Vidailhet M, Gueant JL: Abnormal substrate levels that depend upon mitochondrial function in cerebrospinal fluid from Alzheimer patients. Gerontology. 1998;44(5):300-4.
pubmed_id:9693263
[6]:
reference_text:Walter A, Korth U, Hilgert M, Hartmann J, Weichel O, Hilgert M, Fassbender K, Schmitt A, Klein J: Glycerophosphocholine is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer patients. Neurobiol Aging. 2004 Nov-Dec;25(10):1299-303.
pubmed_id:15465626
[7]:
reference_text:Leoni V, Masterman T, Mousavi FS, Wretlind B, Wahlund LO, Diczfalusy U, Hillert J, Bjorkhem I: Diagnostic use of cerebral and extracerebral oxysterols. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2004 Feb;42(2):186-91.
pubmed_id:15061359
[8]:
reference_text:Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Holmes C, Goldstein DS: Patterns of cerebrospinal fluid catechols support increased central noradrenergic responsiveness in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Sep 15;46(6):756-65.
pubmed_id:10494443
[9]:
reference_text:Lovell MA, Markesbery WR: Ratio of 8-hydroxyguanine in intact DNA to free 8-hydroxyguanine is increased in Alzheimer disease ventricular cerebrospinal fluid. Arch Neurol. 2001 Mar;58(3):392-6.
pubmed_id:11255442
[10]:
reference_text:Bar KJ, Franke S, Wenda B, Muller S, Kientsch-Engel R, Stein G, Sauer H: Pentosidine and N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)-lysine in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Neurobiol Aging. 2003 Mar-Apr;24(2):333-8.
pubmed_id:12498967
[11]:
reference_text:Serot JM, Barbe F, Arning E, Bottiglieri T, Franck P, Montagne P, Nicolas JP: Homocysteine and methylmalonic acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid: relation with age and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005 Nov;76(11):1585-7.
pubmed_id:16227558
[12]:
reference_text:Molina JA, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Aguilar MV, Meseguer I, Mateos-Vega CJ, Gonzalez-Munoz MJ, de Bustos F, Porta J, Orti-Pareja M, Zurdo M, Barrios E, Martinez-Para MC: Cerebrospinal fluid levels of transition metals in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 1998;105(4-5):479-88.
pubmed_id:9720975
[13]:
reference_text:Molina JA, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Hernanz A, Fernandez-Vivancos E, Medina S, de Bustos F, Gomez-Escalonilla C, Sayed Y: Cerebrospinal fluid levels of thiamine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2002 Jul;109(7-8):1035-44.
pubmed_id:12111441
[14]:
reference_text:Bocca B, Forte G, Petrucci F, Pino A, Marchione F, Bomboi G, Senofonte O, Giubilei F, Alimonti A: Monitoring of chemical elements and oxidative damage in patients affected by Alzheimer's disease. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):197-203.
pubmed_id:16244393
[15]:
reference_text:Kristensen MO, Gulmann NC, Christensen JE, Ostergaard K, Rasmussen K: Serum cobalamin and methylmalonic acid in Alzheimer dementia. Acta Neurol Scand. 1993 Jun;87(6):475-81.
pubmed_id:8356878
[16]:
reference_text:Abe T, Tohgi H, Isobe C, Murata T, Sato C: Remarkable increase in the concentration of 8-hydroxyguanosine in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res. 2002 Nov 1;70(3):447-50.
pubmed_id:12391605
[17]:
reference_text:Reichman ME, Judd JT, Longcope C, Schatzkin A, Clevidence BA, Nair PP, Campbell WS, Taylor PR: Effects of alcohol consumption on plasma and urinary hormone concentrations in premenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993 May 5;85(9):722-7.
pubmed_id:8478958
[18]:
reference_text:Hozumi I, Hasegawa T, Honda A, Ozawa K, Hayashi Y, Hashimoto K, Yamada M, Koumura A, Sakurai T, Kimura A, Tanaka Y, Satoh M, Inuzuka T: Patterns of levels of biological metals in CSF differ among neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurol Sci. 2011 Apr 15;303(1-2):95-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.01.003. Epub 2011 Feb 2.
pubmed_id:21292280
[19]:
reference_text:Motawaj M, Peoc'h K, Callebert J, Arrang JM: CSF levels of the histamine metabolite tele-methylhistamine are only slightly decreased in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;22(3):861-71. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2010-100381.
pubmed_id:20858978
[20]:
reference_text:Smach MA, Jacob N, Golmard JL, Charfeddine B, Lammouchi T, Ben Othman L, Dridi H, Bennamou S, Limem K: Folate and homocysteine in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease or dementia: a case control study. Eur Neurol. 2011;65(5):270-8. doi: 10.1159/000326301. Epub 2011 Apr 8.
pubmed_id:21474939
[21]:
reference_text:Linnebank M, Popp J, Smulders Y, Smith D, Semmler A, Farkas M, Kulic L, Cvetanovska G, Blom H, Stoffel-Wagner B, Kolsch H, Weller M, Jessen F: S-adenosylmethionine is decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurodegener Dis. 2010;7(6):373-8. doi: 10.1159/000309657. Epub 2010 Jun 3.
pubmed_id:20523031
[22]:
reference_text:Rosler N, Wichart I, Jellinger KA: Clinical significance of neurobiochemical profiles in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease patients. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2001;108(2):231-46.
pubmed_id:11314776
[23]:
reference_text:Sunderland T, Berrettini WH, Molchan SE, Lawlor BA, Martinez RA, Vitiello B, Tariot PN, Cohen RM: Reduced cerebrospinal fluid dynorphin A1-8 in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry. 1991 Jul 1;30(1):81-7.
pubmed_id:1716470
[24]:
reference_text:Tsuruoka M, Hara J, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Shankle WR, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis of serum and saliva from neurodegenerative dementia patients. Electrophoresis. 2013 Oct;34(19):2865-72. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300019. Epub 2013 Sep 6.
pubmed_id:23857558
2:
name:Sepiapterin reductase deficiency
omim_id:182125
[1]:
reference_text:Zorzi G, Redweik U, Trippe H, Penzien JM, Thony B, Blau N: Detection of sepiapterin in CSF of patients with sepiapterin reductase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab. 2002 Feb;75(2):174-7.
pubmed_id:11855937
[2]:
reference_text:Verbeek MM, Willemsen MA, Wevers RA, Lagerwerf AJ, Abeling NG, Blau N, Thony B, Vargiami E, Zafeiriou DI: Two Greek siblings with sepiapterin reductase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab. 2008 Aug;94(4):403-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.04.003. Epub 2008 May 27.
pubmed_id:18502672
3:
name:Eosinophilic esophagitis
omim_id:610247
[1]:
reference_text:Mordechai, Hien, and David S. Wishart
pubmed_id:
4:
name:Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency
omim_id:608643
[1]:
reference_text:Abdenur JE, Abeling N, Specola N, Jorge L, Schenone AB, van Cruchten AC, Chamoles NA: Aromatic l-aminoacid decarboxylase deficiency: unusual neonatal presentation and additional findings in organic acid analysis. Mol Genet Metab. 2006 Jan;87(1):48-53. Epub 2005 Nov 9.
pubmed_id:16288991
[2]:
reference_text:Hyland K, Clayton PT: Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: diagnostic methodology. Clin Chem. 1992 Dec;38(12):2405-10.
pubmed_id:1281049
[3]:
reference_text:Abeling NG, van Gennip AH, Barth PG, van Cruchten A, Westra M, Wijburg FA: Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: a new case with a mild clinical presentation and unexpected laboratory findings. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1998 Jun;21(3):240-2.
pubmed_id:9686366
代谢途径的数据库编号
L-DIHYDROXY-PHENYLALANINE
综合参考
Haneda, Katsuji; Watanabe, Shiro; Takeda, Isao. Synthesis ofL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine from L-tyrosine by microorganisms. Applied Microbiology (1971), 22(4), 721-2.
一般参考
1:
protein_accession:HMDBP00087
name:Tyrosinase
uniprot_id:P14679
gene_name:TYR
protein_type:Unknown
2:
protein_accession:HMDBP00272
name:Catechol O-methyltransferase
uniprot_id:P21964
gene_name:COMT
protein_type:Unknown
3:
protein_accession:HMDBP00273
name:Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase
uniprot_id:P07101
gene_name:TH
protein_type:Enzyme
4:
protein_accession:HMDBP00278
name:Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase
uniprot_id:P20711
gene_name:DDC
protein_type:Enzyme
5:
protein_accession:HMDBP01548
name:Cytochrome P450 2D6
uniprot_id:P10635
gene_name:CYP2D6
protein_type:Unknown
6:
protein_accession:HMDBP01737
name:D(2) dopamine receptor
uniprot_id:P14416
gene_name:DRD2
protein_type:Enzyme
7:
protein_accession:HMDBP02531
name:D(4) dopamine receptor
uniprot_id:P21917
gene_name:DRD4
protein_type:Enzyme
8:
protein_accession:HMDBP02749
name:Solute carrier family 15 member 1
uniprot_id:P46059
gene_name:SLC15A1
protein_type:Transporter
9:
protein_accession:HMDBP03090
name:4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain
uniprot_id:P08195
gene_name:SLC3A2
protein_type:Unknown
10:
protein_accession:HMDBP05340
name:Monocarboxylate transporter 10
uniprot_id:Q8TF71
gene_name:SLC16A10
protein_type:Transporter
11:
protein_accession:HMDBP10806
name:D(3) dopamine receptor
uniprot_id:P35462
gene_name:DRD3
protein_type:Unknown
12:
protein_accession:HMDBP10808
name:D(1A) dopamine receptor
uniprot_id:P21728
gene_name:DRD1
protein_type:Unknown
13:
protein_accession:HMDBP10826
name:D(1B) dopamine receptor
uniprot_id:P21918
gene_name:DRD5
protein_type:Unknown
蛋白质结合
1:
reference_text:Goldstein DS, Eisenhofer G, Kopin IJ: Sources and significance of plasma levels of catechols and their metabolites in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Jun;305(3):800-11. Epub 2003 Mar 20.
pubmed_id:12649306
2:
reference_text:Cools R: Dopaminergic modulation of cognitive function-implications for L-DOPA treatment in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2006;30(1):1-23. Epub 2005 Jun 1.
pubmed_id:15935475
3:
reference_text:de Jong AP, Kok RM, Cramers CA, Wadman SK, Haan E: A new method for the determination of L-dopa and 3-O-methyldopa in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid using gas chromatography and electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta. 1988 Jan 15;171(1):49-61.
pubmed_id:3127089
4:
reference_text:Dutton J, Copeland LG, Playfer JR, Roberts NB: Measuring L-dopa in plasma and urine to monitor therapy of elderly patients with Parkinson disease treated with L-dopa and a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor. Clin Chem. 1993 Apr;39(4):629-34.
pubmed_id:8472357
5:
reference_text:Mercuri NB, Bernardi G: The 'magic' of L-dopa: why is it the gold standard Parkinson's disease therapy? Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2005 Jul;26(7):341-4.
pubmed_id:15936832
6:
reference_text:Goldstein DS, Hahn SH, Holmes C, Tifft C, Harvey-White J, Milstien S, Kaufman S: Monoaminergic effects of folinic acid, L-DOPA, and 5-hydroxytryptophan in dihydropteridine reductase deficiency. J Neurochem. 1995 Jun;64(6):2810-3.
pubmed_id:7760062
7:
reference_text:Kagedal B, Pettersson A: Liquid-chromatographic determination of 5-S-L-cysteinyl-L-dopa with electrochemical detection in urine prepurified with a phenylboronate affinity gel. Clin Chem. 1983 Dec;29(12):2031-4.
pubmed_id:6416708
8:
reference_text:Dousa MK, Weinshilboum RM, Muenter MD, Offord KP, Decker PA, Tyce GM: L-DOPA biotransformation: correlations of dosage, erythrocyte catechol O-methyltransferase and platelet SULT1A3 activities with metabolic pathways in Parkinsonian patients. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2003 Aug;110(8):899-910.
pubmed_id:12898345
9:
reference_text:Di Stefano A, Mosciatti B, Cingolani GM, Giorgioni G, Ricciutelli M, Cacciatore I, Sozio P, Claudi F: Dimeric L-dopa derivatives as potential prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2001 Apr 23;11(8):1085-8.
pubmed_id:11327596
10:
reference_text:Tada K, Kudo T, Kishimoto Y: Effects of L-dopa or dopamine on human decidual prostaglandin synthesis. Acta Med Okayama. 1991 Oct;45(5):333-8.
pubmed_id:1755339
11:
reference_text:Crivellato E, Damiani D, Mallardi F: Comparison between the L-DOPA histofluorescence procedure and the indirect immunofluorescence with anti-T6 and -HLA-DR monoclonal antibodies in visualizing Langerhans cells of human epidermis. Acta Histochem. 1990;88(1):59-64.
pubmed_id:2113342
12:
reference_text:Michel H, Solere M, Granier P, Cauvet G, Bali JP, Pons F, Bellet-Hermann H: Treatment of cirrhotic hepatic encephalopathy with L-dopa. A controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 1980 Aug;79(2):207-11.
pubmed_id:6995221
13:
reference_text:Streifler M, Avrami E, Rabey JM: L-dopa and the secretion of sebum in Parkinsonian patients. Eur Neurol. 1980;19(1):43-8.
pubmed_id:7371653
14:
reference_text:Hyland K, Clayton PT: Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: diagnostic methodology. Clin Chem. 1992 Dec;38(12):2405-10.
pubmed_id:1281049
15:
reference_text:Vassiliou AG, Vassilacopoulou D, Fragoulis EG: Purification of an endogenous inhibitor of L-Dopa decarboxylase activity from human serum. Neurochem Res. 2005 May;30(5):641-9.
pubmed_id:16176068
16:
reference_text:Chalimoniuk M, Stepien A: Influence of the therapy with pergolide mesylate plus L-DOPA and with L-DOPA alone on serum cGMP level in PD patients. Pol J Pharmacol. 2004 Sep-Oct;56(5):647-50.
pubmed_id:15591656
17:
reference_text:Blandini F, Nappi G, Fancellu R, Mangiagalli A, Samuele A, Riboldazzi G, Calandrella D, Pacchetti C, Bono G, Martignoni E: Modifications of plasma and platelet levels of L-DOPA and its direct metabolites during treatment with tolcapone or entacapone in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2003 Aug;110(8):911-22.
pubmed_id:12898346
18:
reference_text:Shen H, Kannari K, Yamato H, Arai A, Matsunaga M: Effects of benserazide on L-DOPA-derived extracellular dopamine levels and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase activity in the striatum of 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2003 Mar;199(3):149-59.
pubmed_id:12703659
19:
reference_text:Kageyama T, Nakamura M, Matsuo A, Yamasaki Y, Takakura Y, Hashida M, Kanai Y, Naito M, Tsuruo T, Minato N, Shimohama S: The 4F2hc/LAT1 complex transports L-DOPA across the blood-brain barrier. Brain Res. 2000 Oct 6;879(1-2):115-21.
pubmed_id:11011012
20:
reference_text:Pinho MJ, Serrao MP, Gomes P, Hopfer U, Jose PA, Soares-da-Silva P: Over-expression of renal LAT1 and LAT2 and enhanced L-DOPA uptake in SHR immortalized renal proximal tubular cells. Kidney Int. 2004 Jul;66(1):216-26.
pubmed_id:15200428