版本
5.0
创建日期
2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
更新日期
2021-09-14 15:20:01 UTC
登录号
HMDB0000177
地位
quantified
二级访问
HMDB0003412

HMDB00177

HMDB03412

名称
L-Histidine
描述
Histidine (His), also known as L-histidine, is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. Histidine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Histidine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, positively charged or basic amino acid. Histidine is a unique amino acid with an imidazole functional group. The acid-base properties of the imidazole side chain are relevant to the catalytic mechanism of many enzymes such as proteases. In catalytic triads, the basic nitrogen of histidine abstracts a proton from serine, threonine, or cysteine to activate it as a nucleophile. In a histidine proton shuttle, histidine is used to quickly shuttle protons. It can do this by abstracting a proton with its basic nitrogen to make a positively charged intermediate and then use another molecule to extract the proton from its acidic nitrogen. Histidine forms complexes with many metal ions. The imidazole sidechain of the histidine residue commonly serves as a ligand in metalloproteins. Histidine was first isolated by German physician Albrecht Kossel in 1896. Histidine is an essential amino acid in humans and other mammals. It was initially thought that it was only essential for infants, but longer-term studies established that it is also essential for adults. Infants four to six months old require 33 mg/kg of histidine. It is not clear how adults make small amounts of histidine, and dietary sources probably account for most of the histidine in the body. Histidine is a precursor for histamine and carnosine biosynthesis. Inborn errors of histidine metabolism, including histidinemia, maple syrup urine disease, propionic acidemia, and tyrosinemia I, exist and are marked by increased histidine levels in the blood. Elevated blood histidine is accompanied by a wide range of symptoms, from mental and physical retardation to poor intellectual functioning, emotional instability, tremor, ataxia and psychosis. Histidine and other imidazole compounds have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-secretory properties (PMID: 9605177 ). The efficacy of L-histidine in protecting inflamed tissue is attributed to the capacity of the imidazole ring to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by cells during acute inflammatory response (PMID: 9605177 ). Histidine, when administered in therapeutic quantities is able to inhibit cytokines and growth factors involved in cell and tissue damage (US patent 6150392). Histidine in medical therapies has its most promising trials in rheumatoid arthritis where up to 4.5 g daily have been used effectively in severely affected patients. Arthritis patients have been found to have low serum histidine levels, apparently because of very rapid removal of histidine from their blood (PMID: 1079527 ). Other patients besides arthritis patients that have been found to be low in serum histidine are those with chronic renal failure. Urinary levels of histidine are reduced in pediatric patients with pneumonia (PMID: 2084459 ). Asthma patients exhibit increased serum levels of histidine over normal controls (PMID: 23517038 ). Serum histidine levels are lower and are negatively associated with inflammation and oxidative stress in obese women (PMID: 23361591 ). Histidine supplementation has been shown to reduce insulin resistance, reduce BMI and fat mass and suppress inflammation and oxidative stress in obese women with metabolic syndrome. Histidine appears to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, possibly via the NF-κB pathway, in adipocytes (PMID: 23361591 ). Low plasma concentrations of histidine are associated with protein-energy wasting, inflammation, oxidative stress, and greater mortality in chronic kidney disease patients (PMID: 18541578 ). Histidine may have many other possible functions because it is the precursor of the ubiquitous neurohormone-neurotransmitter histamine. Histidine increases histamine in the blood and probably in the brain. Low blood histamine with low serum histidine occurs in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Low blood histamine also occurs in some manic, schizophrenic, high copper and hyperactive groups of psychiatric patients. Histidine is a useful therapy in all patients with low histamine levels (http://www.dcnutrition.com).
同义词
1:(S)-4-(2-Amino-2-carboxyethyl)imidazole

2:(S)-alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoic acid

3:(S)-alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionic acid

4:H

5:His

6:HISTIDINE

7:L-(-)-Histidine

8:L-Histidin

9:(S)-a-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoate

10:(S)-a-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoic acid

11:(S)-alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoate

12:(S)-Α-amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoate

13:(S)-Α-amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoic acid

14:(S)-a-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionate

15:(S)-a-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionic acid

16:(S)-alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionate

17:(S)-Α-amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionate

18:(S)-Α-amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionic acid

19:(S)-1H-Imidazole-4-alanine

20:(S)-2-Amino-3-(4-imidazolyl)propionsaeure

21:(S)-Histidine

22:(S)1H-Imidazole-4-alanine

23:3-(1H-Imidazol-4-yl)-L-alanine

24:Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoate

25:Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoic acid

26:Amino-4-imidazoleproprionate

27:Amino-4-imidazoleproprionic acid

28:Glyoxaline-5-alanine

29:Histidine, L isomer

30:Histidine, L-isomer

31:L-Isomer histidine

32:L-Histidine

化学式
C6H9N3O2
平均分子量
155.1546
等位分子量
155.069476547
化学名称
(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid
传统名称
L-histidine
CAS 登记号
71-00-1
代谢物结构字符串
N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1)C(O)=O
inchi标识符
InChI=1S/C6H9N3O2/c7-5(6(10)11)1-4-2-8-3-9-4/h2-3,5H,1,7H2,(H,8,9)(H,10,11)/t5-/m0/s1
印记键
HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-YFKPBYRVSA-N
分类学
description: belongs to the class of organic compounds known as histidine and derivatives. Histidine and derivatives are compounds containing cysteine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.

description:Histidine and derivatives

kingdom:Organic compounds

super_class:Organic acids and derivatives

class:Carboxylic acids and derivatives

sub_class:Amino acids, peptides, and analogues

molecular_framework:Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds

1:Amino acids

2:Aralkylamines

3:Azacyclic compounds

4:Carbonyl compounds

5:Carboxylic acids

6:Heteroaromatic compounds

7:Hydrocarbon derivatives

8:Imidazolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives

9:L-alpha-amino acids

10:Monoalkylamines

11:Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives

12:Organic oxides

13:Organopnictogen compounds

14:Alpha-amino acid

15:Amine

16:Amino acid

17:Aralkylamine

18:Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound

19:Azacycle

20:Azole

21:Carbonyl group

22:Carboxylic acid

23:Heteroaromatic compound

24:Histidine or derivatives

25:Hydrocarbon derivative

26:Imidazole

27:Imidazolyl carboxylic acid derivative

28:L-alpha-amino acid

29:Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives

30:Organic nitrogen compound

31:Organic oxide

32:Organic oxygen compound

33:Organoheterocyclic compound

34:Organonitrogen compound

35:Organooxygen compound

36:Organopnictogen compound

37:Primary aliphatic amine

38:Primary amine

39:Common amino acids

40:L-alpha-amino acid

41:histidine

42:proteinogenic amino acid

本体论
term:Physiological effect

definition:The effect on an organism physiology, resulting from its exposure to a chemical.

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Health effect

definition:A health condition or observation associated with a stimuli or with a biological activity of a chemical.

parent_id:7693

*level:2

type:parent

term:Health condition

definition:A health effect that consists on short or long-term disease, condition, disorder, syndrome or constant abnormality.

parent_id:7694

**level:3

type:parent

term:Epilepsy

definition:A brain disease that is characterized by the occurrance of at least two unprovoked seizures resulting from a persistent epileptogenic abnormality of the brain that is able to spontaneously generate paroxysmal activity and typically manifested by sudden brief episodes of altered or diminished consciousness, involuntary movements, or convulsions. (do).

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Epileptic spasms

term:Schizophrenia

definition:A psychotic disorder that is characterized by a disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness. (do).

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:child

term:Dengue fever

definition:

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Dhf

synonym:Dengue hemorrhagic fever

term:Cancer

definition:A group of disorders characterized by the presense of malignant neoplasm.

parent_id:7695

***level:4

type:parent

term:Disposition

definition:A concept that describes the origin of a chemical, its location within an organism, or its route of exposure.

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Route of exposure

definition:A mean by which a chemical agent comes in contact with an organism, either under intended or unintended circumstances.

parent_id:7724

*level:2

type:parent

term:Enteral

definition:Chemical exposure via the alimentary canal (mouth to anus).

parent_id:7743

**level:3

type:parent

term:Ingestion

definition:Chemical exposure facilitated by entry through the mouth.

parent_id:7744

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Digestion

term:Source

definition:Natural or synthetic origin of a chemical.

parent_id:7724

*level:2

type:parent

term:Food

definition:

parent_id:7735

**level:3

type:child

term:Synthetic

definition:A man-made product or sample in which a chemical can be found.

parent_id:7735

**level:3

type:parent

term:Personal care product

definition:

parent_id:7742

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Pcp

synonym:Toiletries

synonym:Toiletry

synonym:Personal hygiene

synonym:Beautification product

term:Biological

definition:A living organism (species or a higher taxonomy rank), in which a chemical can be found.

parent_id:7735

**level:3

type:parent

term:Animal

definition:A living organism belonging to the kingdom animalia. it feeds on organic matter, typically having specialized sense organs and nervous system and able to respond rapidly to stimuli.

parent_id:7736

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Fauna

term:Plant

definition:A living organism belonging to the kingdom plantea. typically, it grows in a permanent site, absorbs water and inorganic substances through its roots, and synthesizes nutrients in its leaves by photosynthesis using the green pigment chlorophyll. examples incude trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses.

parent_id:7736

***level:4

type:parent

synonym:Flora

term:Biological location

definition:The physiological origin within an organism, including anatomical compnents, biofluids and excreta.

parent_id:7724

*level:2

type:parent

term:Tissue and substructures

definition:An anatomical organizational level including multiple cells yet not comprising a complete organ .

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:All tissues

definition:All tissues in the body of the organism.

parent_id:7729

***level:4

type:child

term:Placenta

definition:An organ present in some vertebrates during embryonic gestation that surrounds the fetus and provides it with nutrients and oxygen, facilitates gas and waste exchange between the fetus and mother, and provides parasitic cloaking from the mother's immune system by excretion of neurokinin b. (nci).

parent_id:7729

***level:4

type:child

term:Organ and components

definition:An anatomical organizational level including multiple tissues or substructures, which enables a common biological function.

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Prostate

definition:The male reproductive accessory gland that produces prostatic fluid and is located adjacent to or around the urethra distal to the urinary bladder in mammals. (nci).

parent_id:7727

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Prostate gland

term:Biofluid and excreta

definition:A liquid, semi-solid or solid material originating in the body.

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Urine

definition:Excretion in liquid state processed by the kidney.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

term:Saliva

definition:The watery fluid in the mouth made by the salivary glands. saliva moistens food to help digestion and it helps protect the mouth against infections. (nci).

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

term:Feces

definition:The material discharged from the bowel during defecation. It consists of undigested food, intestinal mucus, epithelial cells, and bacteria.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Fecal

synonym:Stool

synonym:Faecal

synonym:Faeces

term:Blood

definition:A liquid tissue with the primary function of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide (nci). it supplies the tissues with nutrients, removes waste products, and contains various components of the immune system defending the body against infection.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

term:Breast milk

definition:Portion of secreted substance produced by the mammary gland.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

term:Sweat

definition:Secretion produced by a sweat gland.

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

term:Cerebrospinal fluid

definition:The fluid that is contained within the brain ventricles, the subarachnoid space and the central canal of the spinal cord. (nci).

parent_id:7731

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Csf

term:Subcellular

definition:An anatomical organizational level including a component within a biological cell .

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Cytoplasm

definition:The portion of the cell contained within the plasma membrane but excluding the nucleus.

parent_id:7730

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Cytoplasma

term:Mitochondria

definition:

parent_id:7730

***level:4

type:child

term:Cell and elements

definition:An anatomical organizational level comprising of a single cell (or a fragment in some exceptions). a cell is defined by its type or function. it is the smallest unit of living structure capable of independent existence, composed of a membrane-enclosed mass of protoplasm and containing a nucleus or nucleoid.

parent_id:7725

**level:3

type:parent

term:Extracellular

definition:The space external to the outermost structure of a cell.

parent_id:7732

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Extracellular region

term:Process

definition:Biological or chemical events, or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Naturally occurring process

definition:Naturally-occurring molecular events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product.

parent_id:7659

*level:2

type:parent

term:Biological process

definition:Biological or chemical events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product within an organism.

parent_id:7660

**level:3

type:parent

term:Biochemical pathway

definition:A linked series of chemical reactions that occur in a defined order within or between organism cells, and lead to a known function or end product.

parent_id:7661

***level:4

type:parent

term:Role

definition:The purpose or function assumed by a chemical, either naturally or as intended by humans .

parent_id:

level:1

type:parent

term:Industrial application

definition:The assumed function of a chemical utilized by human.

parent_id:7671

*level:2

type:parent

term:Drug

definition:A chemical substance or preparation that causes a physiological effect in the body upon exposure .

parent_id:7678

**level:3

type:child

term:Personal care products

definition:Cosmetics and personal hygene products in which a chemical was incorportaed during the manufacturing process.

parent_id:7678

**level:3

type:child

term:Food and nutrition

definition:A chemical purpose related to manufacturing of food and nutrition products.

parent_id:7678

**level:3

type:parent

term:Nutritional supplement

definition:

parent_id:7687

***level:4

type:child

synonym:Nutraceutical

synonym:Dietary supplement

term:Pharmaceutical industry

definition:A pharmacologic activity for which a chemical substance is utilized owing to its biological role.

parent_id:7678

**level:3

type:parent

term:Pharmaceutical

definition:

parent_id:7679

***level:4

type:child

term:Biological role

definition:The biological function of a chemical. the biological role answers the question how a chemical is involved in molecular processes in an organism. this can include biochemical effects of non-endogenous chemicals, which are also assigned an industrial application such as pharmaceuticals. the biological role is limited to cellular levls, and will not include role at system process level, such as a chemical which has a role in a disease.

parent_id:7671

*level:2

type:parent

term:Essential amino acid

definition:

parent_id:7672

**level:3

type:child

term:Semiessential amino acid

definition:

parent_id:7672

**level:3

type:child

synonym:Semi-essential amino acid

term:Trace element

definition:A chemical element that occurs in very small amounts in organisms and is essential for many physiological and biochemical processes.В .

parent_id:7672

**level:3

type:child

synonym:Trace mineral

synonym:Essential mineral

状态
Solid
实验性质
1:

kind:water_solubility

value:45.6 mg/mL

source:

2:

kind:logp

value:-3.32

source:CHMELIK,J ET AL. (1991)

3:

kind:melting_point

value:287 °C

source:

预测性质
1:

kind:logp

value:-2.67

source:ALOGPS

2:

kind:logs

value:-0.34

source:ALOGPS

3:

kind:solubility

value:71.3 g/L

source:ALOGPS

4:

kind:logp

value:-3.6

source:ChemAxon

5:

kind:pka_strongest_acidic

value:1.85

source:ChemAxon

6:

kind:pka_strongest_basic

value:9.44

source:ChemAxon

7:

kind:iupac

value:(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid

source:ChemAxon

8:

kind:average_mass

value:155.1546

source:ChemAxon

9:

kind:mono_mass

value:155.069476547

source:ChemAxon

10:

kind:smiles

value:N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1)C(O)=O

source:ChemAxon

11:

kind:formula

value:C6H9N3O2

source:ChemAxon

12:

kind:inchi

value:InChI=1S/C6H9N3O2/c7-5(6(10)11)1-4-2-8-3-9-4/h2-3,5H,1,7H2,(H,8,9)(H,10,11)/t5-/m0/s1

source:ChemAxon

13:

kind:inchikey

value:HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-YFKPBYRVSA-N

source:ChemAxon

14:

kind:polar_surface_area

value:92

source:ChemAxon

15:

kind:refractivity

value:38.06

source:ChemAxon

16:

kind:polarizability

value:14.67

source:ChemAxon

17:

kind:rotatable_bond_count

value:3

source:ChemAxon

18:

kind:acceptor_count

value:4

source:ChemAxon

19:

kind:donor_count

value:3

source:ChemAxon

20:

kind:physiological_charge

value:0

source:ChemAxon

21:

kind:formal_charge

value:0

source:ChemAxon

22:

kind:number_of_rings

value:1

source:ChemAxon

23:

kind:bioavailability

value:Yes

source:ChemAxon

24:

kind:rule_of_five

value:Yes

source:ChemAxon

25:

kind:ghose_filter

value:No

source:ChemAxon

26:

kind:veber_rule

value:No

source:ChemAxon

27:

kind:mddr_like_rule

value:No

source:ChemAxon

1:

type:Specdb::NmrTwoD

spectrum_id:1189

2:

type:Specdb::EiMs

spectrum_id:1976

3:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:1146

4:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:1193

5:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142730

6:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142731

7:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142732

8:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142733

9:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142734

10:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142735

11:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142736

12:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142737

13:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142738

14:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142739

15:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142740

16:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142741

17:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142742

18:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142743

19:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142744

20:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142745

21:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142746

22:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142747

23:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142748

24:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:142749

25:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:166370

26:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:166434

27:

type:Specdb::NmrOneD

spectrum_id:166541

28:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:283

29:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:284

30:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:285

31:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3351

32:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3352

33:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3353

34:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3354

35:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3355

36:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3356

37:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3357

38:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3358

39:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3359

40:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3360

41:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3361

42:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3362

43:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3363

44:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3364

45:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3365

46:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3366

47:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3367

48:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3368

49:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3369

50:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3370

51:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3371

52:

type:Specdb::MsMs

spectrum_id:3372

53:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:416

54:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:417

55:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:418

56:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:419

57:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:1646

58:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:1833

59:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:3063

60:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:30203

61:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:30309

62:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:30596

63:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:30739

64:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:30768

65:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:31051

66:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:31052

67:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:31961

68:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:31962

69:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:37340

70:

type:Specdb::CMs

spectrum_id:157409

光谱
生物学性质
1:

cellular:(1):Cytoplasm

cellular:(2):Extracellular

2:

biospecimen:(1):Blood

biospecimen:(2):Breast Milk

biospecimen:(3):Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

biospecimen:(4):Feces

biospecimen:(5):Saliva

biospecimen:(6):Sweat

biospecimen:(7):Urine

3:

tissue:(1):All Tissues

tissue:(2):Placenta

tissue:(3):Prostate

4:

[1]:

name:Amikacin Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00253

kegg_map_id:

[2]:

name:Arbekacin Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00713

kegg_map_id:

[3]:

name:Azithromycin Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00247

kegg_map_id:

[4]:

name:beta-Alanine metabolism

smpdb_id:

kegg_map_id:map00410

[5]:

name:Carnosinuria, carnosinemia

smpdb_id:SMP00493

kegg_map_id:

[6]:

name:Chloramphenicol Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00729

kegg_map_id:

[7]:

name:Clarithromycin Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00248

kegg_map_id:

[8]:

name:Clindamycin Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00249

kegg_map_id:

[9]:

name:Clomocycline Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00262

kegg_map_id:

[10]:

name:Demeclocycline Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00290

kegg_map_id:

[11]:

name:Doxycycline Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00291

kegg_map_id:

[12]:

name:Erythromycin Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00250

kegg_map_id:

[13]:

name:GABA-Transaminase Deficiency

smpdb_id:SMP00351

kegg_map_id:

[14]:

name:Gentamicin Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00254

kegg_map_id:

[15]:

name:Histidine metabolism

smpdb_id:SMP00044

kegg_map_id:map00340

[16]:

name:Histidinemia

smpdb_id:SMP00191

kegg_map_id:

[17]:

name:Josamycin Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00731

kegg_map_id:

[18]:

name:Kanamycin Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00255

kegg_map_id:

[19]:

name:Lincomycin Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00728

kegg_map_id:

[20]:

name:Lymecycline Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00295

kegg_map_id:

[21]:

name:Methacycline Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00727

kegg_map_id:

[22]:

name:Methylhistidine Metabolism

smpdb_id:SMP00715

kegg_map_id:

[23]:

name:Minocycline Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00292

kegg_map_id:

[24]:

name:Neomycin Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00256

kegg_map_id:

[25]:

name:Netilmicin Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00257

kegg_map_id:

[26]:

name:Nitrogen metabolism

smpdb_id:

kegg_map_id:map00910

[27]:

name:Oxytetracycline Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00293

kegg_map_id:

[28]:

name:Paromomycin Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00714

kegg_map_id:

[29]:

name:Rolitetracycline Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00726

kegg_map_id:

[30]:

name:Roxithromycin Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00251

kegg_map_id:

[31]:

name:Spectinomycin Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00258

kegg_map_id:

[32]:

name:Streptomycin Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00259

kegg_map_id:

[33]:

name:Telithromycin Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00252

kegg_map_id:

[34]:

name:Tetracycline Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00294

kegg_map_id:

[35]:

name:Tigecycline Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00712

kegg_map_id:

[36]:

name:Tobramycin Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00711

kegg_map_id:

[37]:

name:Transcription/Translation

smpdb_id:SMP00019

kegg_map_id:

[38]:

name:Troleandomycin Action Pathway

smpdb_id:SMP00730

kegg_map_id:

[39]:

name:Ureidopropionase Deficiency

smpdb_id:SMP00492

kegg_map_id:

正常浓度
1:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:75.0 +/- 20.0

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

2:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:86.0 +/- 10.0

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

3:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:89.0 +/- 11.0

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

4:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:83.0 +/- 14.0

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

5:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:143.1 +/- 27.3

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

6:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:32-107

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

7:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:20-83

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Infant (1 - 3 months old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

8:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:22-108

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Children (3 months - 6 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

9:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:35-106

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Children (6 - 18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

10:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

11:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:124 (104-150)

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:

subject_condition:Normal

12:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:90 +/- 9

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

13:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:86 +/- 9

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

14:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:106 (91.7-124)

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

subject_sex:

subject_condition:Normal

15:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

16:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:32.226

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

17:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:90.233

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

18:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:128.904

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

19:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:225.581

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

20:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:73.51(11.42)

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

21:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:122.459 +/- 12.890

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

22:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:128.904-354.485

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

23:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:225.581-386.711

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

24:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:30-138

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

25:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:83 +/- 14

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

26:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:40.00-120.0

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

27:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:50 - 110

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

28:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:103.13-141.80

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

29:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:89.3 +/- 10.8

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

30:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:77.342-238.472

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

31:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:96.678-225.581

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

32:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:89 +/- 11

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

33:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:83.4(70.1-97.4)

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Children (1-13 uears old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

34:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:82.0 (72.0-92.0)

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

35:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:84 +/- 14

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

36:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:131.2 +/- 37.3

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

37:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

38:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

39:

biospecimen:Breast Milk

concentration_value:20.3 +/- 6.9

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

40:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:7.0897-19.980

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

41:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:14.0 +/- 8.0

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Not Specified

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

42:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:12.4 +/- 3.5

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

43:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:11.6 +/- 4.4

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

44:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:3-18

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

45:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:20.7 +/- 7.5

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

46:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:16.8 +/- 2.7

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

47:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:18.6 +/- 3.3

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

48:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:16.4 +/- 6.1

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

49:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:10.9 (10.4-11.4)

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

50:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:0-17

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Children (0 - 10 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

51:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:4.6-23

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adolescent (>11 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

52:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:11.9 +/- 1.7

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

53:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

54:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:1718.716 (1310.521-2126.911)

concentration_units:nmol/g wet feces

subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

55:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:2298.782 (1224.585-3372.980)

concentration_units:nmol/g wet feces

subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

56:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:966.778 (451.163-1482.392)

concentration_units:nmol/g wet feces

subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

57:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

58:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

59:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Children (6 - 18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

60:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

61:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

62:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:60 +/- 50

concentration_units:nmol/g wet feces

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

63:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

64:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

65:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

66:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

67:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:24.99 +/- 12.94

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

68:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:6.02 +/- 4.39

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

69:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

70:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:9.93 +/- 9.50

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

71:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:<0.25

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

72:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:<0.25

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

73:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

74:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

75:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

76:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

77:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

78:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

79:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

80:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

81:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

82:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

83:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:9.4 +/- 4.9

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

84:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:18.67 +/- 10.20

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

85:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:8.2 +/- 1.2

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

86:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:>10

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

87:

biospecimen:Sweat

concentration_value:170

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (60 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

88:

biospecimen:Sweat

concentration_value:< 10

concentration_units:uM

subject_age:Adult (40 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

89:

biospecimen:Sweat

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

90:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

91:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:45.22 - 167.55

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

92:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:40.70 - 194.35

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Infant (1 - 6 months old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

93:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:52.01 - 157.83

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Infant (6 months - <1 year old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

94:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:49.18 - 163.03

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1 - 2 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

95:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:38.44 - 144.83

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (2 - 4 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

96:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:24.19 - 122.67

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (4 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

97:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:14.47 - 86.72

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adolescent (13 - 21 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

98:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:14.47 - 86.72

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>21 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

99:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

100:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

101:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:15.16-224.31

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adolescent (13-18 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

102:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:101.9

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

103:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:25.79-212.81

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

104:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

105:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:45-100

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

106:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:9.16-127.60

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

107:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:87.2 (23.0-151.0)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

108:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:16.4-433.51

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

109:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:47.12

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

110:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.0036 - 0.0376

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

111:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:19.07-342.31

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

112:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:4.78-199.77

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

113:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:18.0667 +/- 9.133

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

114:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:119.45 +/- 87.37

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

115:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:31.667 +/- 22.800

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

116:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:43 (17-90)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

117:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:150.04 +/- 94

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (0-2 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

118:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:154.26 +/- 82.28

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (0-2 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

119:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:60.14 +/- 47.11

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

120:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

121:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:31.200 +/- 15.133

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

122:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:46.933 +/- 30

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

123:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:12.6 +/- 3.5

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Infant (1 - 6 months old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

124:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:41.267-256.307

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

125:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:15.0 +/- 3.7

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Infant (6 months - <1 year old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

126:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:8.3 +/- 2.1

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

127:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:48.30-384.37

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

128:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:154.67 (80-229.33)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

129:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:31.0 +/- 15.0

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

130:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:85.0 +/- 33.0

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

131:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:62.0 +/- 28.0

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

132:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:60.75 +/- 27.45

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

133:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:45.6 (21.7-71.5)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

134:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:66-106

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

135:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:26.017-298.066

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

136:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:88

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Adult (>18 years old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

137:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:190.3063 +/- 67.9627

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

138:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:194.90 +/- 144.31

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

139:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:7.914 +/- 6.784

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

140:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:9.05 +/- 6.78

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

141:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:10.18 +/- 7.91

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

142:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:237.43 +/- 113.06

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

143:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:316.57 +/- 146.98

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

144:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:463.55 +/- 192.20

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

145:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:62.585 +/- 67.649

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

146:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:21.09-188.1

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Both

subject_condition:Normal

147:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:53.50(29.22-137.2)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Female

subject_condition:Normal

148:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

149:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:60.27(18.73-193.6)

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

subject_sex:Male

subject_condition:Normal

150:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:30.32-242.86

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

subject_age:Children (1-13 years old)

subject_sex:Not Specified

subject_condition:Normal

异常浓度
1:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:86.0 +/- 21.4

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Obesity

2:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:90.7 +/- 18.4

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Obesity

3:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:46.1 +/- 17.5

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Heart Transplant

4:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Colorectal cancer

5:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:84 +/- 11

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Schizophrenia

6:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:84 +/- 14

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Female

patient_information:Schizophrenia

7:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Schizophrenia

8:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Colorectal cancer

9:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Pancreatic cancer

10:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:130

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Fumaric aciduria

11:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:80.88(11.04)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

12:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:509.17

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Histidinemia

13:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:92.6(75.9-112.4)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1-13 uears old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Environmental enteric dysfunction

14:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:1108.3

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Histidinemia

15:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:257.807-483.389

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Histidinemia

16:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:386.711 +/- 128.904

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Histidinemia

17:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:116.68 +/- 18.15

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Elderly (>65 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Alzheimer's disease

18:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:412.492-1115.0169

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Histidinemia

19:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:412.492-837.874

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Histidinemia

20:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:470.498-928.107

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Histidinemia

21:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:483.389-708.970

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Histidinemia

22:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:509.170-999.00357

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Histidinemia

23:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:515.615-1063.455

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Histidinemia

24:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:580.0666-1173.0236

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Histidinemia

25:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:708.970-1501.728

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Histidinemia

26:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:72 +/- 19

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Histidinuria

27:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:741.196-947.442

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Histidinemia

28:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:837.874 +/- 290.0333

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Histidinemia

29:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:837.874-1630.632

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Histidinemia

30:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:863.655-1115.0169

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Histidinemia

31:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:67.0 (64.0-70.0)

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Dengue fever

32:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:80.5 +/- 4.2

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Epilepsy

33:

biospecimen:Blood

concentration_value:107.0 +/- 6.5

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Epilepsy

34:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:58.00666

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Histidinemia

35:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:116.0133

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Histidinemia

36:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:20-29

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Newborn (0-30 days old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Pyridoxamine 5-prime-phosphate oxidase deficiency

37:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:21.4 +/- 6.6

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Leukemia

38:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:10.3 +/- 3.7

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Leukemia

39:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:130.0

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Histidinemia

40:

biospecimen:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

concentration_value:14.4 +/- 6.32

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Progressive dementia

41:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Colorectal Cancer

42:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Autism

43:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:celiac disease

44:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Children (6 - 18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Crohns disease

45:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Children (6 - 18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Ulcerative colitis

46:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Children (6 - 18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Unclassified IBD

47:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Children (6 - 18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Crohns disease

48:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Children (6 - 18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Ulcerative colitis

49:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Colorectal cancer

50:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Colorectal Cancer

51:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:celiac disease

52:

biospecimen:Feces

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Children (1-13 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Treated celiac disease

53:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Oral cancer

54:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Female

patient_information:Breast cancer

55:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Pancreatic cancer

56:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Periodontal diseases

57:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:16.96 +/- 7.43

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Alzheimer's disease

58:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:23.31 +/- 8.62

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Frontotemporal lobe dementia

59:

biospecimen:Saliva

concentration_value:17.50 +/- 4.53

concentration_units:uM

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Lewy body disease

60:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Female

patient_information:Epithelial ovarian cancer

61:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:0.0033 - 0.0186

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:ADPKD

62:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:30.5 +/- 4.3

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Alzheimer's disease

63:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:276

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Histidinuria

64:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:595

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Male

patient_information:Histidinuria

65:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:246.700-642.700

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Infant (0-1 year old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Fumaric aciduria

66:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:

concentration_units:

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Colorectal cancer

67:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:145.1681 +/- 74.4203

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Eosinophilic esophagitis

68:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:103.2581 +/- 61.6795

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Gastroesophageal reflux disease

69:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:105.3 +/- 12.7

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:3-Hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA lyase (HL) deficency

70:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:65.5 +/- 11.3

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:3-Hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA lyase (HL) deficency

71:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:52.9 +/- 12.5

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Argininosuccinic aciduria (ASL)

72:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:154.3 +/- 13.7

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Propionic acidemia

73:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:52 +/- 29

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Tyrosinemia I

74:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:37.9 +/- 9.8

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Tyrosinemia I

75:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:62.6 +/- 12.3

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Phenylketonuria

76:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:68 +/- 19.9

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Phenylketonuria

77:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:171.8 +/- 4.3

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Maple syrup urine disease

78:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:180.1 +/- 12.4

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Adult (>18 years old)

patient_sex:Both

patient_information:Aminoaciduria

79:

biospecimen:Urine

concentration_value:64.206 +/- 58.48

concentration_units:umol/mmol creatinine

patient_age:Children (1 - 13 years old)

patient_sex:Not Specified

patient_information:Eosinophilic esophagitis

疾病参考
1:

name:Dengue fever

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Klassen P, Furst P, Schulz C, Mazariegos M, Solomons NW: Plasma free amino acid concentrations in healthy Guatemalan adults and in patients with classic dengue. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Mar;73(3):647-52.

pubmed_id:11237944

2:

name:Epilepsy

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24.

pubmed_id:14992292

[2]:

reference_text:Cady EB, Lorek A, Penrice J, Reynolds EO, Iles RA, Burns SP, Coutts GA, Cowan FM: Detection of propan-1,2-diol in neonatal brain by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med. 1994 Dec;32(6):764-7.

pubmed_id:7869898

[3]:

reference_text:Perosa SR, Porcionatto MA, Cukiert A, Martins JR, Amado D, Nader HB, Cavalheiro EA, Leite JP, Naffah-Mazzacoratti MG: Extracellular matrix components are altered in the hippocampus, cortex, and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2002;43 Suppl 5:159-61.

pubmed_id:12121313

[4]:

reference_text:Spanaki MV, Siegel H, Kopylev L, Fazilat S, Dean A, Liow K, Ben-Menachem E, Gaillard WD, Theodore WH: The effect of vigabatrin (gamma-vinyl GABA) on cerebral blood flow and metabolism. Neurology. 1999 Oct 22;53(7):1518-22.

pubmed_id:10534261

[5]:

reference_text:Rating D, Siemes H, Loscher W: Low CSF GABA concentration in children with febrile convulsions, untreated epilepsy, and meningitis. J Neurol. 1983;230(4):217-25.

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reference_text:Sugimoto M, Wong DT, Hirayama A, Soga T, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry-based saliva metabolomics identified oral, breast and pancreatic cancer-specific profiles. Metabolomics. 2010 Mar;6(1):78-95. Epub 2009 Sep 10.

pubmed_id:20300169

[3]:

reference_text:Zhang L, Jin H, Guo X, Yang Z, Zhao L, Tang S, Mo P, Wu K, Nie Y, Pan Y, Fan D: Distinguishing pancreatic cancer from chronic pancreatitis and healthy individuals by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabonomic profiles. Clin Biochem. 2012 Sep;45(13-14):1064-9. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.05.012. Epub 2012 May 19.

pubmed_id:22613268

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reference_text:OuYang D, Xu J, Huang H, Chen Z: Metabolomic profiling of serum from human pancreatic cancer patients using 1H NMR spectroscopy and principal component analysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2011 Sep;165(1):148-54. doi: 10.1007/s12010-011-9240-0. Epub 2011 Apr 20.

pubmed_id:21505807

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reference_text:Xie G, Lu L, Qiu Y, Ni Q, Zhang W, Gao YT, Risch HA, Yu H, Jia W: Plasma metabolite biomarkers for the detection of pancreatic cancer. J Proteome Res. 2015 Feb 6;14(2):1195-202. doi: 10.1021/pr501135f. Epub 2014 Dec 8.

pubmed_id:25429707

17:

name:Periodontal disease

omim_id:170650

[1]:

reference_text:Sugimoto M, Wong DT, Hirayama A, Soga T, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry-based saliva metabolomics identified oral, breast and pancreatic cancer-specific profiles. Metabolomics. 2010 Mar;6(1):78-95. Epub 2009 Sep 10.

pubmed_id:20300169

18:

name:Frontotemporal dementia

omim_id:600274

[1]:

reference_text:Tsuruoka M, Hara J, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Shankle WR, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis of serum and saliva from neurodegenerative dementia patients. Electrophoresis. 2013 Oct;34(19):2865-72. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300019. Epub 2013 Sep 6.

pubmed_id:23857558

19:

name:Lewy body disease

omim_id:

[1]:

reference_text:Tsuruoka M, Hara J, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Shankle WR, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis of serum and saliva from neurodegenerative dementia patients. Electrophoresis. 2013 Oct;34(19):2865-72. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300019. Epub 2013 Sep 6.

pubmed_id:23857558

20:

name:Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

omim_id:601313

[1]:

reference_text:Wang D, Strandgaard S, Borresen ML, Luo Z, Connors SG, Yan Q, Wilcox CS: Asymmetric dimethylarginine and lipid peroxidation products in early autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008 Feb;51(2):184-91. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.09.020.

pubmed_id:18215696

[2]:

reference_text:Gronwald W, Klein MS, Zeltner R, Schulze BD, Reinhold SW, Deutschmann M, Immervoll AK, Boger CA, Banas B, Eckardt KU, Oefner PJ: Detection of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease by NMR spectroscopic fingerprinting of urine. Kidney Int. 2011 Jun;79(11):1244-53. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.30. Epub 2011 Mar 9.

pubmed_id:21389975

21:

name:Argininosuccinic aciduria

omim_id:207900

[1]:

reference_text:Lee CR, Pollitt RJ: New derivatives of argininosuccinic acid in the urine of a patient with argininosuccinicaciduria. Biochem J. 1972 Jan;126(1):79-87.

pubmed_id:5075233

[2]:

reference_text:Gronwald W, Klein MS, Kaspar H, Fagerer SR, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Bertsch T, Oefner PJ: Urinary metabolite quantification employing 2D NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2008 Dec 1;80(23):9288-97. doi: 10.1021/ac801627c.

pubmed_id:19551947

[3]:

reference_text:Kleijer WJ, Garritsen VH, Linnebank M, Mooyer P, Huijmans JG, Mustonen A, Simola KO, Arslan-Kirchner M, Battini R, Briones P, Cardo E, Mandel H, Tschiedel E, Wanders RJ, Koch HG: Clinical, enzymatic, and molecular genetic characterization of a biochemical variant type of argininosuccinic aciduria: prenatal and postnatal diagnosis in five unrelated families. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2002 Sep;25(5):399-410.

pubmed_id:12408190

[4]:

reference_text:MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)

pubmed_id:

22:

name:Propionic acidemia

omim_id:606054

[1]:

reference_text:Scholl-Burgi S, Haberlandt E, Gotwald T, Albrecht U, Baumgartner Sigl S, Rauchenzauner M, Rostasy K, Karall D: Stroke-like episodes in propionic acidemia caused by central focal metabolic decompensation. Neuropediatrics. 2009 Apr;40(2):76-81. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1231065. Epub 2009 Oct 6.

pubmed_id:19809936

[2]:

reference_text:Gronwald W, Klein MS, Kaspar H, Fagerer SR, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Bertsch T, Oefner PJ: Urinary metabolite quantification employing 2D NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2008 Dec 1;80(23):9288-97. doi: 10.1021/ac801627c.

pubmed_id:19551947

[3]:

reference_text:Thompson GN, Chalmers RA, Walter JH, Bresson JL, Lyonnet SL, Reed PJ, Saudubray JM, Leonard JV, Halliday D: The use of metronidazole in management of methylmalonic and propionic acidaemias. Eur J Pediatr. 1990 Aug;149(11):792-6.

pubmed_id:2226555

[4]:

reference_text:Riemersma M, Hazebroek MR, Helderman-van den Enden ATJM, Salomons GS, Ferdinandusse S, Brouwers MCGJ, van der Ploeg L, Heymans S, Glatz JFC, van den Wijngaard A, Krapels IPC, Bierau J, Brunner HG: Propionic acidemia as a cause of adult-onset dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Hum Genet. 2017 Nov;25(11):1195-1201. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2017.127. Epub 2017 Aug 30.

pubmed_id:28853722

[5]:

reference_text:MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)

pubmed_id:

23:

name:Tyrosinemia I

omim_id:276700

[1]:

reference_text:Gronwald W, Klein MS, Kaspar H, Fagerer SR, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Bertsch T, Oefner PJ: Urinary metabolite quantification employing 2D NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2008 Dec 1;80(23):9288-97. doi: 10.1021/ac801627c.

pubmed_id:19551947

[2]:

reference_text:Nakamura K, Matsumoto S, Mitsubuchi H, Endo F: Diagnosis and treatment of hereditary tyrosinemia in Japan. Pediatr Int. 2015;57(1):37-40. doi: 10.1111/ped.12550.

pubmed_id:25443793

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reference_text:Gissen P, Preece MA, Willshaw HA, McKiernan PJ: Ophthalmic follow-up of patients with tyrosinaemia type I on NTBC. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2003;26(1):13-6.

pubmed_id:12872835

[4]:

reference_text:Han LS, Ye J, Qiu WJ, Zhang HW, Wang Y, Ji WJ, Gao XL, Li XY, Jin J, Gu XF: [Application of succinylacetone levels measurement in the blood and urine in the diagnosis of tyrosinemia type 1]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2012 Feb;50(2):126-30.

pubmed_id:22455637

[5]:

reference_text:MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)

pubmed_id:

[6]:

reference_text:Physician's Guide to the Laboratory Diagnosis of Metabolic Diseases. 2nd ed. Berlin, Germany, Springer, 2003

pubmed_id:

24:

name:Phenylketonuria

omim_id:261600

[1]:

reference_text:Perry TL, Hansen S: Cystinylglycine in plasma: diagnostic relevance for pyroglutamic acidemia, homocystinuria, and phenylketonuria. Clin Chim Acta. 1981 Nov 25;117(1):7-12.

pubmed_id:7333014

[2]:

reference_text:Monch E, Kneer J, Jakobs C, Arnold M, Diehl H, Batzler U: Examination of urine metabolites in the newborn period and during protein loading tests at 6 months of age--Part 1. Eur J Pediatr. 1990;149 Suppl 1:S17-24.

pubmed_id:2091926

[3]:

reference_text:Deng C, Shang C, Hu Y, Zhang X: Rapid diagnosis of phenylketonuria and other aminoacidemias by quantitative analysis of amino acids in neonatal blood spots by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2002 Jul 25;775(1):115-20.

pubmed_id:12101068

[4]:

reference_text:Elvers LH, Loeber JG, Dhondt JL, Fukushi M, Hannon WH, Torresani T, Webster D: First ISNS Reference Preparation for Neonatal Screening for thyrotropin, phenylalanine and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in blood spots. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2007 Aug;30(4):609. Epub 2007 Jun 14.

pubmed_id:17574536

[5]:

reference_text:Langenbeck U, Behbehani A, Luthe H: Renal transport of aromatic acids in patients with phenylketonuria. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1981;4(2):69-70.

pubmed_id:6790852

[6]:

reference_text:Peck H, Pollitt RJ: The occurrence of gamma-glutamylphenylalanine in the urine of newborn phenylketonurics. Clin Chim Acta. 1979 Jun 15;94(3):237-40.

pubmed_id:466810

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reference_text:Clemens PC, Schunemann MH, Hoffmann GF, Kohlschutter A: Plasma concentrations of phenyllactic acid in phenylketonuria. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1990;13(2):227-8.

pubmed_id:2116554

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reference_text:Gronwald W, Klein MS, Kaspar H, Fagerer SR, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Bertsch T, Oefner PJ: Urinary metabolite quantification employing 2D NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2008 Dec 1;80(23):9288-97. doi: 10.1021/ac801627c.

pubmed_id:19551947

[9]:

reference_text:Jansen RS, Addie R, Merkx R, Fish A, Mahakena S, Bleijerveld OB, Altelaar M, IJlst L, Wanders RJ, Borst P, van de Wetering K: N-lactoyl-amino acids are ubiquitous metabolites that originate from CNDP2-mediated reverse proteolysis of lactate and amino acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 May 26;112(21):6601-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1424638112. Epub 2015 May 11.

pubmed_id:25964343

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reference_text:Swarna M, Jyothy A, Usha Rani P, Reddy PP: Amino acid disorders in mental retardation: a two-decade study from Andhra Pradesh. Biochem Genet. 2004 Apr;42(3-4):85-98.

pubmed_id:15168722

[11]:

reference_text:Rampini S, Vollmin JA, Bosshard HR, Muller M, Curtius HC: Aromatic acids in urine of healthy infants, persistent hyperphenylalaninemia, and phenylketonuria, before and after phenylalanine load. Pediatr Res. 1974 Jul;8(7):704-9.

pubmed_id:4837567

[12]:

reference_text:MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)

pubmed_id:

25:

name:Maple syrup urine disease

omim_id:248600

[1]:

reference_text:Deng C, Shang C, Hu Y, Zhang X: Rapid diagnosis of phenylketonuria and other aminoacidemias by quantitative analysis of amino acids in neonatal blood spots by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2002 Jul 25;775(1):115-20.

pubmed_id:12101068

[2]:

reference_text:Schadewaldt P, Bodner-Leidecker A, Hammen HW, Wendel U: Significance of L-alloisoleucine in plasma for diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease. Clin Chem. 1999 Oct;45(10):1734-40.

pubmed_id:10508118

[3]:

reference_text:Schadewaldt P, Hammen HW, Ott AC, Wendel U: Renal clearance of branched-chain L-amino and 2-oxo acids in maple syrup urine disease. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1999 Aug;22(6):706-22.

pubmed_id:10472531

[4]:

reference_text:Gronwald W, Klein MS, Kaspar H, Fagerer SR, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Bertsch T, Oefner PJ: Urinary metabolite quantification employing 2D NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2008 Dec 1;80(23):9288-97. doi: 10.1021/ac801627c.

pubmed_id:19551947

[5]:

reference_text:Kumps A, Duez P, Mardens Y: Metabolic, nutritional, iatrogenic, and artifactual sources of urinary organic acids: a comprehensive table. Clin Chem. 2002 May;48(5):708-17.

pubmed_id:11978597

[6]:

reference_text:Podebrad F, Heil M, Reichert S, Mosandl A, Sewell AC, Bohles H: 4,5-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-2[5H]-furanone (sotolone)--the odour of maple syrup urine disease. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1999 Apr;22(2):107-14.

pubmed_id:10234605

[7]:

reference_text:Shigematsu Y, Kikuchi K, Momoi T, Sudo M, Kikawa Y, Nosaka K, Kuriyama M, Haruki S, Sanada K, Hamano N, et al.: Organic acids and branched-chain amino acids in body fluids before and after multiple exchange transfusions in maple syrup urine disease. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1983;6(4):183-9.

pubmed_id:6422161

[8]:

reference_text:Yunus ZM, Kamaludin DA, Mamat M, Choy YS, Ngu L: Clinical and biochemical profiles of maple syrup urine disease in malaysian children. JIMD Rep. 2012;5:99-107. doi: 10.1007/8904_2011_105. Epub 2011 Dec 11.

pubmed_id:23430924

[9]:

reference_text:Barschak AG, Marchesan C, Sitta A, Deon M, Giugliani R, Wajner M, Vargas CR: Maple syrup urine disease in treated patients: biochemical and oxidative stress profiles. Clin Biochem. 2008 Mar;41(4-5):317-24. Epub 2007 Dec 5.

pubmed_id:18088602

[10]:

reference_text:MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)

pubmed_id:

[11]:

reference_text:Peritoneal dialysis in maple-syrup-urine disease: Studies on branched-chain amino and keto acids. Eur J Pediatr (1980) 134: 57. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00442404

pubmed_id:

26:

name:Eosinophilic esophagitis

omim_id:610247

[1]:

reference_text:Mordechai, Hien, and David S. Wishart

pubmed_id:

KEGG数据库编号
C00135
DrugBank数据库编号
DB00117
foodb数据库编号
FDB011856
ChemSpider数据库编号
6038
公共化学化合物编号
6274
PDB数据库编号
生物利益的化学实体数据库编号
15971
knapsack数据库编号
C00001363
维基百科编号
L-histidine
代谢途径的数据库编号
HIS
苯酚资源管理器化合物数据库编号
比格数据库编号
33985
梅林编号
21
虚拟机身份证编号
HIS_L
fbonto数据库编号
综合参考
Aurelio Luigi; Brownlee Robert T C; Hughes Andrew B A novel synthesis of N-methyl asparagine, arginine, histidine, and tryptophan. Organic letters (2002), 4(21), 3767-9.
一般参考
1:

protein_accession:HMDBP00278

name:Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase

uniprot_id:P20711

gene_name:DDC

protein_type:Enzyme

2:

protein_accession:HMDBP00473

name:Beta-Ala-His dipeptidase

uniprot_id:Q96KN2

gene_name:CNDP1

protein_type:Unknown

3:

protein_accession:HMDBP00474

name:Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 3

uniprot_id:O60678

gene_name:PRMT3

protein_type:Unknown

4:

protein_accession:HMDBP00642

name:Probable histidine--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial

uniprot_id:P49590

gene_name:HARS2

protein_type:Enzyme

5:

protein_accession:HMDBP00645

name:Histidine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic

uniprot_id:P12081

gene_name:HARS

protein_type:Enzyme

6:

protein_accession:HMDBP00683

name:Histidine ammonia-lyase

uniprot_id:P42357

gene_name:HAL

protein_type:Enzyme

7:

protein_accession:HMDBP00885

name:Histidine decarboxylase

uniprot_id:P19113

gene_name:HDC

protein_type:Enzyme

8:

protein_accession:HMDBP03036

name:Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 3

uniprot_id:Q99624

gene_name:SLC38A3

protein_type:Transporter

9:

protein_accession:HMDBP05340

name:Monocarboxylate transporter 10

uniprot_id:Q8TF71

gene_name:SLC16A10

protein_type:Transporter

10:

protein_accession:HMDBP08844

name:Carnosine synthase 1

uniprot_id:A5YM72

gene_name:CARNS1

protein_type:Unknown

11:

protein_accession:HMDBP11778

name:HemK methyltransferase family member 1

uniprot_id:Q9Y5R4

gene_name:HEMK1

protein_type:Unknown

12:

protein_accession:HMDBP11824

name:Methyltransferase-like protein 2B

uniprot_id:Q6P1Q9

gene_name:METTL2B

protein_type:Unknown

13:

protein_accession:HMDBP11825

name:Methyltransferase-like protein 6

uniprot_id:Q8TCB7

gene_name:METTL6

protein_type:Unknown

14:

protein_accession:HMDBP12007

name:Uncharacterized methyltransferase WBSCR22

uniprot_id:O43709

gene_name:WBSCR22

protein_type:Unknown

蛋白质结合
1:

reference_text:Xiao B, Jing C, Kelly G, Walker PA, Muskett FW, Frenkiel TA, Martin SR, Sarma K, Reinberg D, Gamblin SJ, Wilson JR: Specificity and mechanism of the histone methyltransferase Pr-Set7. Genes Dev. 2005 Jun 15;19(12):1444-54. Epub 2005 Jun 2.

pubmed_id:15933069

2:

reference_text:Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762.

pubmed_id:19212411

3:

reference_text:Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38.

pubmed_id:2026685

4:

reference_text:Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7.

pubmed_id:12097436

5:

reference_text:Nicholson JK, O'Flynn MP, Sadler PJ, Macleod AF, Juul SM, Sonksen PH: Proton-nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies of serum, plasma and urine from fasting normal and diabetic subjects. Biochem J. 1984 Jan 15;217(2):365-75.

pubmed_id:6696735

6:

reference_text:Wevers RA, Engelke U, Wendel U, de Jong JG, Gabreels FJ, Heerschap A: Standardized method for high-resolution 1H-NMR of cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chem. 1995 May;41(5):744-51.

pubmed_id:7729054

7:

reference_text:Hagenfeldt L, Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Amino acids in plasma and CSF and monoamine metabolites in CSF: interrelationship in healthy subjects. J Neurochem. 1984 Mar;42(3):833-7.

pubmed_id:6198473

8:

reference_text:Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14.

pubmed_id:15911239

9:

reference_text:Cynober LA: Plasma amino acid levels with a note on membrane transport: characteristics, regulation, and metabolic significance. Nutrition. 2002 Sep;18(9):761-6.

pubmed_id:12297216

10:

reference_text:Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24.

pubmed_id:14992292

11:

reference_text:Klassen P, Furst P, Schulz C, Mazariegos M, Solomons NW: Plasma free amino acid concentrations in healthy Guatemalan adults and in patients with classic dengue. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Mar;73(3):647-52.

pubmed_id:11237944

12:

reference_text:Mukerji SK, Pimstone NR, Gandhi SN, Tan KT: Biochemical diagnosis and monitoring therapeutic modulation of disease activity in an unusual case of congenital erythropoietic porphyria. Clin Chem. 1985 Dec;31(12):1946-51.

pubmed_id:4064282

13:

reference_text:Churchill D, Yacoub JM, Siu KP, Symes A, Gault MH: Toxic nephropathy after low-dose methoxyflurane anesthesia: drug interaction with secobarbital? Can Med Assoc J. 1976 Feb 21;114(4):326-8, 333.

pubmed_id:1253070

14:

reference_text:Sieja K, Stanosz S, von Mach-Szczypinski J, Olewniczak S, Stanosz M: Concentration of histamine in serum and tissues of the primary ductal breast cancers in women. Breast. 2005 Jun;14(3):236-41. Epub 2005 Jan 21.

pubmed_id:15927833

15:

reference_text:Masini E, Fabbroni V, Giannini L, Vannacci A, Messerini L, Perna F, Cortesini C, Cianchi F: Histamine and histidine decarboxylase up-regulation in colorectal cancer: correlation with tumor stage. Inflamm Res. 2005 Apr;54 Suppl 1:S80-1.

pubmed_id:15928846

16:

reference_text:Xiao YP, Han CB, Mao XY, Li JY, Xu L, Ren CS, Xin Y: Relationship between abnormality of FHIT gene and EBV infection in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jun 7;11(21):3212-6.

pubmed_id:15929169

17:

reference_text:Mason AB, Halbrooks PJ, James NG, Connolly SA, Larouche JR, Smith VC, MacGillivray RT, Chasteen ND: Mutational analysis of C-lobe ligands of human serum transferrin: insights into the mechanism of iron release. Biochemistry. 2005 Jun 7;44(22):8013-21.

pubmed_id:15924420

18:

reference_text:Janknecht R, Hipskind RA, Houthaeve T, Nordheim A, Stunnenberg HG: Identification of multiple SRF N-terminal phosphorylation sites affecting DNA binding properties. EMBO J. 1992 Mar;11(3):1045-54.

pubmed_id:1547771

19:

reference_text:Peterson JW, Boldogh I, Popov VL, Saini SS, Chopra AK: Anti-inflammatory and antisecretory potential of histidine in Salmonella-challenged mouse small intestine. Lab Invest. 1998 May;78(5):523-34.

pubmed_id:9605177

20:

reference_text:Gerber DA: Low free serum histidine concentration in rheumatoid arthritis. A measure of disease activity. J Clin Invest. 1975 Jun;55(6):1164-73.

pubmed_id:1079527

21:

reference_text:Hemler RJ, Hoogeveen JH, Kraaier V, Van Huffelen AC, Wieneke GH, Hijman R, Glerum JH: A pharmacological model of cerebral ischemia. The effects of indomethacin on cerebral blood flow velocity, quantitative EEG and cognitive functions. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1990 Nov;12(9):641-3.

pubmed_id:2084459

22:

reference_text:Feng RN, Niu YC, Sun XW, Li Q, Zhao C, Wang C, Guo FC, Sun CH, Li Y: Histidine supplementation improves insulin resistance through suppressed inflammation in obese women with the metabolic syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia. 2013 May;56(5):985-94. doi: 10.1007/s00125-013-2839-7. Epub 2013 Jan 30.

pubmed_id:23361591

23:

reference_text:Watanabe M, Suliman ME, Qureshi AR, Garcia-Lopez E, Barany P, Heimburger O, Stenvinkel P, Lindholm B: Consequences of low plasma histidine in chronic kidney disease patients: associations with inflammation, oxidative stress, and mortality. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jun;87(6):1860-6.

pubmed_id:18541578

24:

reference_text:Jung J, Kim SH, Lee HS, Choi GS, Jung YS, Ryu DH, Park HS, Hwang GS: Serum metabolomics reveals pathways and biomarkers associated with asthma pathogenesis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2013 Apr;43(4):425-33. doi: 10.1111/cea.12089.

pubmed_id:23517038

25:

reference_text:Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043.

pubmed_id:32033212

26:

reference_text:Effective method for the amelioration and prevention of tissue and cellular damage: http://www.google.com/patents/US6150392

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